This paper presents the development of the method for predicting the reusability of building components and whole structures and a pilot study of three different single-storey steel buildings in Finland. The method enables various building parts and products to be classified through a procedure to calculate their reusability index. These values can be further used to produce a single reusability indicator for the whole end-of-life scenario (e.g. complete or partial building reuse). The aggregated result of the whole building may be very useful when planning demolition or reconstruction works as well as when assessing the environmental impact of the new buildings. The main new thing explored in this paper is the possibility of integrating the economyaspect of the recovered components in the reusability assessment. Indeed, the reusability index developed earlier was purely based on the technical requirements of recovering, remanufacturing and reusing components. Hence, it was a technical reusability indicator. The possibility ofincluding information on the prospective marketability of the recovered component is a valuable extension to this method.

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In 2007 the Austrian architectural firm Coop Himmelb(l)au won an international competition with its design idea for a monolithic, “slightly twisted” structure with a multifunctional façade. This design has been largely retained. The organization of the volumes and the urban planning positioning could also be essentially implemented.
As a cultural centre, the building unites two independent institutions under one roof: the Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) and the Planning Exhibition (PE). Both institutions are housed in rectangular volumes under a covered plaza. Also included are community areas such as an auditorium, conference rooms, multifunctional exhibition halls and service areas. Ramps and escalators lead from the large entrance area to the main level at +10 m. This marks the starting point for tours of the museums. There is a silvery, shiny, softly shaped “cloud” in the centre which accommodates a café, bookstores and a museum shop. It also connects the exhibition rooms over several floors via bridges and ramps.
The transparent façade highlights the main entrance and circulation zone between the two buildings and allows unobstructed views between the inside and outside. The open, column-free exhibition areas with heights from 6 to 17 m also strengthen the impression of a generous design concept.

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This paper focuses on the behaviour of connections with stiffened top and seat angles. There is a discussion of nine statically loaded full-scale tests carried out in three groups for different thicknesses of top and seat angle stiffeners. The purpose was to provide the necessary data to develop Eurocode 3. The maximum bending moment increased with the increase in stiffener thickness from 6 to 10 mm. Moreover, the plastic flexural resistance and bending moment capacity increased as the length of top and seat angles decreased. Furthermore, the plastic region of the seat angle section parallel to beam was greater than the vertical section of the angle, and the dissipated energy depended on the lengths of the angles.

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Dedicated to Dipl.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h. Reiner Saul on the occasion of his 80th birthday
This paper describes the selection of box girders for cable-supported railroad bridges from the point view of structural behaviour, fabrication, transportation and erection. There is a review of the use of wide single box girders and vented box girders with dual and triple separate boxes. The number of cable planes and the different transverse locations of pylon legs and main girders are also studied. A cable-stayed bridge with a main span of 520 m and a triple separate box girder accommodating four high-speed railway tracks and a six-lane carriageway is researched as a case study. The result reveals that the triple separate box girder is very suitable for long-span cable-supported railroad bridges with multiple railway tracks and traffic lanes.

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Connections in steel structures play an essential role in the structural stability of the entire construction. This is also true in the event of a fire. The difficulty in designing connections for fire lies in the fact that not only material properties, but also loads applied to the connections change depending on temperature. In addition, the temperature-dependent decrease in the tensile strength of high-strength bolts does not coincide with the decrease in shear strength. So far, the influence of combined tension and shear loading on high-strength bolts has not been studied in detail.
This project included carrying out interaction tests on high-strength bolts of property class 10.9 (fu = 1000 N/mm2). Post-fire performance was examined in addition to observing the loadbearing behaviour during fire. The examinations were completed with additional material tests. The results were compared with earlier research on the temperature-dependent loadbearing capacity of high-strength bolts during and after temperature loading as well as on the loadbearing behaviour of bolts in steel structures under combined tension and shear loads. This investigation contributes to a better understanding of the loadbearing capacity of high-strength bolts under combined loading during and after a fire.

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Many recent earthquakes clearly illustrate the importance of local ground properties for the dynamic response of structures. The dynamic response of an engineering structure is influenced by the medium on which it is founded. On solid rock, a fixed-base structural response occurs which can be evaluated by subjecting the foundation to the free-field ground motion occurring in the absence of the structure. However, on deformable ground, a feedback loop exists. In other words, when a feedback loop exists, the structure responds to the dynamics of the soil, while the soil also responds to the dynamics of the structure. Structural response is then governed by the interplay between the characteristics of the ground, the structure and the input motion. This study involved a numerical investigation of the dynamic behaviour of unbraced steel frames resting on soft ground. Two types of mid-rise unbraced steel frame, including 5- and 15-storey buildings on a soft soil deposit, were selected and analysed under the influence of three different earthquake acceleration records. The above-mentioned frames were analysed under two different boundary conditions: i) fixed-base (no soil-structure interaction) and ii) flexible-base (considering soil-structure interaction). The results of the analyses in terms of structural forces and lateral displacements for the above-mentioned boundary conditions are compared and discussed.

Numerical investigations of compression members made of aluminium are presented and recommendations for reorganizing the buckling classes and curves are derived from these. Finally, the curves are compared with test results.

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The year 2014 marked the 100th anniversary of August Wöhler's death. On that occasion the authors wrote a book about his scientific work, his work on the safety of components and structures in the emerging industrial society, his life and his significance for the historical development in the field of fatigue strength of components and structures [1]. Those investigations were accomplished in cooperation with the DVM (German Association for Materials Research and Testing). As national and international events have shown [2], that book is of great interest. Therefore, an English version suggested itself, not least because of the 200th anniversary of Wöhler's birth in 2019.
August Wöhler was an interesting and unique character, influenced by the 19th century Industrial Revolution, especially railway development. The spread of that new technology caused numerous problems. Fractures occurred on axles, wheels and rails at stresses below the component's static fracture strength. Through systematic tests, August Wöhler was able to prove that repeated stresses far below the static strength might lead to fractures. The present article gives a brief overview of Wöhler's life and achievements.

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PHD-Thesis: Composite Bridges: Innovative ways of achieving composite action
Structural behavior of steel columns in fire
Structural performance of steel and concrete hybrid beams with rib shear connectors and large web opening)
Investigation of the Load-Bearing Behaviour of CoSFB-Dowels

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The Gustave Eiffel Pavilion and the Ferrié Pavilion complete with a museum as well as an information and service area were each reconstructed between two pillars. In the case of the already existing 58 Tour Eiffel restaurant the glass facade was brought in line with those present in the other two pavilions. Glass surfaces facing inside and outside, a 130 m2 glass floor, which opens up a view of the Champ-de-Mars below. In order to meet the energy requirements, the Strasbourg-based façade builder, HEFI, opted for insulating glass elements, using Super Spacer® TriSealTM Premium Plus by Edgetech Europe GmbH as the spacer. (© L. Herbrecht)

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Kurita-Albrecht Best Scientific Paper Award - Steel at 12th Japan German Bridge Symposium, September 2018 in Munich
The temperature dependence of the mechanical behaviour of high damping rubber bearings (HDRBs) was investigated by way of cyclic loading tests at different ambient temperatures. As the number of loading cycles increased, so the difference between the ambient and internal temperatures of HDRBs increased due to self-heating, especially in subzero environments. It was found that the mechanical behaviour of HDRBs is governed by their internal temperatures, not by the ambient temperatures. A simple method for estimating the internal temperature is proposed. Previous cyclic loading tests results at different ambient temperatures have been re-examined based on the internal temperatures obtained from the proposed internal temperature estimation method. The temperature dependence of HDRBs is summarized in terms of the internal temperatures. The conventional temperature dependence based on the ambient temperature may underestimate the seismic response of bridges with HDRBs, especially for subzero environments.

Longitudinally stiffened plates are commonly used to increase the resistance to plate buckling. Closed cross-section stiffeners provide high values of the torsional stiffness and thus are very efficient to avoid their premature lateral torsional buckling. With the current software tools, it is easy to assess the critical stress for the elastic global mode, taking into account the beneficial effect of these high values of torsional stiffness for stiffeners with closed cross-sections. However, the torsional stiffness of longitudinal stiffeners is not considered in the analytical formula proposed by Annex A of EN 1993-1-5 for the assessment of the global buckling critical stress. A study is presented here where the effect of the torsional stiffness of longitudinal stiffeners on the plate buckling criterion of EN 1993-1-5 has been analysed. 216 configurations of stiffened plates were calculated through finite element GMNIA non linear analyses. Their compressive strength thus obtained were compared to their resistance to plate buckling as predicted by EN 1993-1-5, either by considering their torsional stiffness with EBPlate software or by completely ignoring it. The study clearly shows that EN 1993-1-5 leads to unsafe results when the torsional stiffness is taken into account in the calculations. Finally, it is concluded that the torsional stiffness of longitudinal stiffeners has to be ignored in the design of stiffened plates according to EN 1993-1-5.

Liner tray wall systems are widely used for industrial and commercial buildings. Up until now, the main type used was the conventional solution with a thin (3 mm) separation strip between liner tray and outer shell. In the meantime, various solutions exist on the market to improve the thermal performance of this wall system. On the one hand, this paper deals with numerical studies that show how these new solutions reduce the heat transfer coefficient of liner tray wall systems. On the other hand, it is about the related increase in the fixing distance s1 and its influence on the mechanical performance of liner tray wall systems. Extensive experimental investigations have been performed on liner trays with a directly attached outer façade within the scope of the European RFCS Research Project GRISPE. Practicable calculation methods have been derived based on existing regulations and methods. This paper depicts by way of excerpts the results for liner trays with a directly attached outer façade for fastener distances that are not or insufficiently covered in the standards.

Current design equations given in EN 1993-1-3 for calculating the web-crippling resistance of cross-sections with one web were copied from the AISI's Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members, taking into account the different safety concepts: load and resistance factor design (LRFD), with resistance factors&phgr;w applied to nominal values, and limit state design, with partial factors &ggr;M applied to characteristic values as defined in EN 1990. Furthermore, the web-crippling equations of subsequent editions of the AISI specification (then designated AISI S100) were completely revised based on the web-crippling data collected and evaluated by Beshara and Schuster [5].
This paper presents the results of a calibration of a generalized web-crippling equation to be used for cross-sections with one web (i.e. C- and Z-sections). The coefficients of the generalized web-crippling equation were calibrated to comply with the safety concept described in EN 1990, taking into account EN 1990, Annex D, and a partial factor &ggr;M1 = 1.1. This paper therefore provides an introduction to as well as background information on proposed changes and amendments to EN 1993-1-3.