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Plieninger, Sven; Gebreiter, Daniel; Mühlberger, Jörg; Justiz, StefanThe grid-shell of Jinji Lake Mall - Rise like a PhoenixSteel Construction4/2014258-261Reports

Kurzfassung

Jinji Lake Mall, a 290,000 m² shopping and entertainment centre, will be centrepiece to a development of several super-high-rise buildings by the waterfront of Jinji Lake in Suzhou, China. Visible from the surrounding skyscrapers, the appearance of the “fifth façade” became of paramount importance. In response, the architectural design foresaw a continuous, 35,000 m² free-form glass roof to cover the four individual buildings of the mall ensemble.
schlaich bergermann and partner consulting engineers were tasked with the structural design of the roof whose shape was inspired by the wings of a phoenix. To alleviate excessive in-plane stresses in the roof, a rigid triangulated grid was discarded in favour of a more elastic quadrangular frame system, requiring the generation of a quad-dominant topology on the free-form surface. The complex interplay between base buildings and roof structure required that all analysis be done on a combined model including roof, tree columns and sub-structure.
Multi-resolution mesh modelling stood at the core of a generative work-flow which mathematically optimized for geometric and structural criteria in the same process. Furthermore, geometrically similar facets were grouped and subsequently assigned the same panel, reducing the unique panel count.

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Imbrenda, AndreaThe MAST (Manufacture Arts Experimentation Technology) multipurpose building - steel structures for urban transformationSteel Construction4/2014262-266Reports

Kurzfassung

The linear architecture of the MAST (Manufacture Arts Experimentation Technology) multipurpose building in Bologna hides a complex combination of functions and spaces surrounding the core of the building and forms its raison d’être: the sublimation of innovation in manufacturing industry within the retrospective heritage of art and its projection in human memory. In this way, factors normally regarded as secondary to industrial activity become a central part of it and are acknowledged as its true roots and instinctive vision. The building acts as the vehicle for a declaration that there are no innovative ideas other than those arising from the interaction between memory and the capacity to project. The functional distribution traces a passage from emotive education (nursery) through formal teaching (classrooms) and the conservation of memory (museum and exhibition area) to listening (auditorium). Each function is acknowledged, not as a self-contained unit, but rather as a component part of the driving force of innovation, which propels a capacity for technological process that is anything but sterile. In such a setting, the steel structures are the very symbol of the transition from tradition to innovation [1].

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Walter, Peter; Kern, AndreasMaterial modelling as a tool for the quality assurance and product development of heavy plate steels for steel constructionSteel Construction4/2014267-273Reports

Kurzfassung

Shorter product development cycles and compliance with exact process parameters during the production of high-strength heavy plate for heavy machine construction requires fast modelling of mechanical and technological material properties during the actual production process. To this end, the Heavy Plate Unit at ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG has used state-of-the-art calculation tools from collections of process data and test value databases. This report describes the step-by-step development of the underlying material models, their implementation in practical computer software and their practical application illustrated by some selected examples.

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"Sustainable Steel - Policy and Indicators 2014" publishedSteel Construction4/2014273News

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Berrais, Abbes; Pollitt, KieranAn excel based design tool for end plate connections to Eurocode 3Steel Construction4/2014274-279Reports

Kurzfassung

The design of moment-resisting joints can often be a laborious task if performed by manual calculation. This leads to potential rising of unnecessary labour costs when industry approved design tool would otherwise suffice. Steel connection designers are charged with specifying joint components such as plates, welds and bolts required that have structural capacity to transmit the loads which the connection is exposed to. This said connection design and its components need to be economical with regards to cost. However, a balance needs to be reached between the over-design of the connection leading to excessive capacities, and the finite element design that provides the connection with just what it needs to resist such loads.
The aim of this paper is the description of an Excel based tool for the detailed design of bolted end plate connections between beams and columns in accordance to Eurocode 3. The design tool is practical, user friendly with minimum manual input and relatively transparent such that it provides the user with an easy step-by-step guide during the design process.

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Bögle, Annette; Kurrer, Karl-EugenJörg Schlaich at 80Steel Construction4/2014279-281Reports

Kurzfassung

The Stuttgart School was the first movement to combine the style of and training in architecture, taught and supported at the Stuttgart College of Technology. The Stuttgart School of Building Design is losing visibility just as the profile of architects in society is rising. However, a thoroughgoing analysis of its particular qualities is overdue, especially in the context of creative construction engineering. For example, Bill Baker (*1953), a Structural and Civil Engineering Partner at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM), Chicago, USA and winner of the 2009 Fritz Leonhardt prize, has described the creative approach as a key element in (civil engineering) training at the University of Stuttgart. Towards the end of the 20th century, the Stuttgart School of Building Design was greatly influenced by Jörg Schlaich (*17th October 1934), whose working, teaching and research methods also helped inspire the creative approach praised above.

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Corrections and amendments to Kathage et al.Steel Construction4/2014281Corrigendum

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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ECCS News: Steel Construction 4/2014Steel Construction4/2014282-284ECCS News

Kurzfassung

Events
Announcements
Technical Committees (TC) activities
TC News
Further ECCS News

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Announcement: Steel Construction 4/2014Steel Construction4/2014284Announcement

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Content: Steel Construction 3/2014Steel Construction3/2014Content

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Mazzolani , Federico; Landolfo, RaffaeleEurosteel 2014Steel Construction3/2014167Editorial

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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da Silva, Luís SimõesMessage from the Chairman of the Editorial BoardSteel Construction3/2014168Editorial

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Jiang, Jian; Li, Guo-Qiang; Usmani, AsifInfluence of fire scenarios on progressive collapse mechanisms of steel framed structuresSteel Construction3/2014169-172Articles

Kurzfassung

OpenSees is an open-source object-oriented software framework developed at UC Berkeley. The OpenSees framework has been recently extended to deal with structural behaviour under fire conditions. This paper presents the results of a numerical study, using OpenSees, of the progressive collapse of steel frames exposed to fire. After validating the capability of OpenSees against available analytical and experimental results of fire tests on steel members, a parametric study is carried out to find the progressive collapse mechanism of steel frames exposed to fire and corresponding influencing factors. The factors include load levels, lateral restraint, beam strength and fire scenarios. The catenary action of beams is considered by using a temperature-dependent corotational beam/column element. The results show that different progressive collapse mechanisms can happen due to the sequence of the buckling of columns. High load levels lead to the downward collapse of the whole structure compared with the lateral collapse for low load levels. The existing of lateral restraint causes the premature buckling of bottom columns which triggers the whole frame collapse. As the beam section increases, the collapse mechanism of steel frames changes from beam failure mode to column failure mode. The fire scenarios have significant effect on the collapse mode of steel frames. The work presented in this paper is a preliminary study of the progressive collapse of steel frames. Further work is underway to combine the influence of the effect of concrete floors. A simple design method is then expected to be proposed to investigate the robustness of steel structures against progressive collapse due to fire.

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Dubina, Dan; Stratan, Aurel; Vulcu, Cristian; Ciutina, AdrianHigh strength steel in seismic resistant building framesSteel Construction3/2014173-177Articles

Kurzfassung

Seismic resistant building frames designed as dissipative structures, must allow for plastic deformations to develop in specific members, whose behaviour is expected to be predicted and controlled by proper calculation and detailing. Members designed to remain elastic during earthquake, such as columns, are characterized by high strength demands. Dual-steel structural systems, optimized according to a Performance Based Design (PBD) philosophy, in which High Strength Steel (HSS) is used in predominantly “elastic” members, while Mild Carbon Steel (MCS) is used in dissipative members, can be very reliable and cost efficient. Because present seismic design codes do not cover this specific configuration, an extensive European research project [1], HSS-SERF - High Strength Steel in Seismic Resistant Building Frames, was carried out with the aim to investigate and evaluate the seismic performance of dual-steel building frames. On this purpose, and based on a large numerical and experimental program, the following objectives have been focused into the project:
1. to find reliable structural typologies and joint/connection detailing for dual-steel building frames, (e. g. of HSS and MCS members), and to validate them by tests and advanced numerical simulations,
2. to develop design criteria and performance based design methodology for dual-steel structures using high strength steel,
3. to recommend relevant design parameters (i. e. behaviour factor q, overstrength factor Ω) to be implemented in further versions of the seismic design code, EN 1998-1 [1], in order to apply capacity design approach for dual-steel framing typologies,
4. to evaluate technical and economic benefit of dual-steel approach involving HSS.

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Ciupack, Yvonne; Pasternak, Hartmut; Schiel, Manuel; Ince, ErdenizAdhesive bonded joints in steel structuresSteel Construction3/2014178-182Articles

Kurzfassung

While classic joining techniques in steel construction have undergone advancements, fundamental problems still remain. The utilisation of structural bonding can remedy the situation, but despite having many advantages, has not been able to establish itself in civil engineering and specifically steel construction. The reason for this are doubts by engineers, architects and contractors regarding the verifiability, durability and load bearing capacity of bonded steel constructions. In order to facilitate the use of the innovative joining technique in construction, it is necessary to process bonded joints close to standardisation.

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Fujita, Masanori; Sakai, Junpei; Oda, Hirotaka; Iwata, MamoruBuilding system for a composite steel-timber structureSteel Construction3/2014183-187Articles

Kurzfassung

In order to address global environmental issues, there is an urgent need for the building structure field to use as much timber as possible to contribute to reforestation, as well as to research and develop a building system that does not diminish the structure’s functionality and safety [1]. The building structure field is required to actively use this wood as timber, but the timber is too weak to use for large buildings. Research and development of an appropriate building system that can utilize such timber is necessary.
This study examines the possibility of developing a building system for a composite steel-timber structure utilizing the authors’ wealth of expertise in steel structure construction. Different types of composite steel-timber structure building systems are categorized, and their features are described. Furthermore, the individual types are evaluated for the performance requirements needed to develop a building system.

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Prachar, Martin; Jandera, Michal; Wald, Franti ek; Zhaob, BinFire resistance of slender section beams - Subjected to lateral torsional bucklingSteel Construction3/2014188-192Articles

Kurzfassung

The paper shows experimental and numerical research into slender cross-section beams in case of fire. The topic is very important because little investigation has been made and little experimental data has been collected so far. In the framework of the RFCS project FIDESC4 - Fire Design of Steel Members with Welded or Hot-rolled Class 4 Cross-sections, several simple supported beams were tested at elevated temperature at the Czech Technical University in Prague.
Currently, Eurocode 3 contains a number of simple rules for design of slender Class 4 cross-sections which, based on recent numerical simulations, proved themselves to be over-conservative. Through refining these rules, material savings could be achieved, which would lead to greater competitiveness of the steel structures. This is being covered in existing research, but is not published in this paper, which is limited to lateral torsional buckling behaviour only.
Determination of the bending resistance for members subjected to lateral torsional buckling of Class 1-3 cross-sections at elevated temperature is based on the same principles as the design at room temperature, according to EC 3 part 1-1 [1]. However, it differs in using only one imperfection factor for all types of cross-sections. The informative Annex E of the standard (EC 3 part 1-2 [2]) recommends using the design formulas for slender (Class 4) sections as well. But there is a restriction of the critical temperature value and a different reduction of yield strength is used (0.2 % proof strength for Class 4 instead of 2.0 % proof strength for stockier Class 1-3 sections). For the non-uniform members (variable section height), a limited design procedure is given in EC 3 part 1-1 [1]. This is applicable for room temperature only. The possibility of using these rules for fire design is not yet confirmed.

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Kurrer, Karl-EugenHistory of Virtual Work Laws. A History of Mechanics Prospective. From: D. CapecchiSteel Construction3/2014192Book review

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Souza dos Santos, Eliane; de Miranda Batista, Eduardo; Camotim, DinarCold-formed steel columns under L-D-G interaction - Experimental investigationSteel Construction3/2014193-198Articles

Kurzfassung

The paper addresses an experimental programme that is part of an ongoing investigation on the behaviour, strength and design of cold-formed steel lipped channel columns undergoing mode interaction involving local, distortional and global buckling. The 16 column specimens tested were selected to exhibit either (i) close local, distortional and critical buckling loads (PcrL ≍ PcrD ≍ PcrG) or (ii) PcrL ≍ PcrD (condition ensured via the cross-sectional dimensions) and PcrG up to around 20 % below or above that value (difference controlled via the column length). The test set-up, procedure and results are presented and discussed, and the failure load data obtained are used to explore the possibility of developing a design approach based on the direct strength method (DSM).

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Zhang, Xi; Rasmussen, KimTests of cold-formed steel portal frames with slender sectionsSteel Construction3/2014199-203Articles

Kurzfassung

Cold-formed steel sections are widely used in many applications such as structural frames, scaffolding systems, purlins and storage racks. In particular, cold-formed steel portal frames can be an alternative to conventional hot-rolled steel portal frames for industrial, rural and residential low rise buildings. The advantages of using cold-formed steels include a higher strength-to-weight ratio and reduced material, erection and transportation costs.
Over the past two decades a number of researchers [1] to [3] have undertaken tests on cold-formed steel portal frames. The tests mainly focused on the behaviour of joints, and employed relatively stocky sections. Hence, they provided little insight into the effects of cross-sectional instability on the overall stability of the frame.
In this paper, three portal frame tests are described, the main purpose of which was to study the effect of cross-sectional instability on the two-dimensional sway failure of cold-formed steel. The tests demonstrated significant local and distortional buckling before reaching the ultimate load. Finite element models were calibrated against the tests. The calibrated models therefore can be used for a parametric study to investigate the significance of the additional second-order effects caused by local/distortional bucking. The paper details the tests and the numerical simulations.

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Steel frame for new extension to terminal at Oslo AirportSteel Construction3/2014203News

Kurzfassung

Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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Jordão, Sandra; Pinho, Marco; Martin, João Pedro; Santiago, Aldina; Neves, Luís CostaBehaviour of laminated glass beams reinforced with pre-stressed cablesSteel Construction3/2014204-207Article

Kurzfassung

Structural glass corresponds to an innovative material with extraordinary aesthetical and architectonic potential that has undergone significant technological advances in recent years, yielding it stronger and safer. For this reason, the use of structural glass has increased considerably in the last decade and is now an unavoidable presence in most of recent reference buildings.
The structural capacity of glass elements is brought in from reinforcing techniques of different types. One of the possibilities corresponds to pre stressed cables reinforcement. This technique is very effective in terms of resistance and deformability and corresponds to a light reinforcing element rendering the so called spider web effect. In the framework of the research project “S-Glass: Structural performance and design rules of glass beams externally reinforced” [1] study the behavior of laminated glass beams reinforced by too twin external steel rods.
The work presented in the current paper is within the framework of S-Glass project aiming at characterizing the behavior of reinforced laminated glass beams in the non-crack regimen. For this purpose experimental and numerical analysis were prepared. The numerical model was used for a cable layout optimization analysis. Furthermore an analytical solution is put forward, which tackles the beam-cable load transfer indetermination. Final conclusions are established on the bases of a comparison established between experimental, numerical and analytical results.

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Kido, Ewa Maria; Cywinski, ZbigniewThe new steel-glass architecture of railway stations in JapanSteel Construction3/2014208-214Report

Kurzfassung

The accelerating needs of communication have led to many modern railway stations made of steel and glass being built or upgraded all over the world during the last two decades. That trend, influenced by local architectural traditions, is clearly evident in Japan, too. This paper, focusing on that trend, is a continuation of the authors’ previous publication [1].

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News: Steel Construction 3/2014Steel Construction3/2014215-217News

Kurzfassung

De Rotterdam awarded best tall building in Europe
First structural components for Texas project have arrived
Double milestone: 150th anniversary of the Foundation Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and one year anniversary of its merger with Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
Well networked - Consense 2014 in Stuttgart with around 1,400 visitors
SUSCOS students at Politehnica University in Timis¸oara

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ECCS News: Steel Construction 3/2014Steel Construction3/2014217-220ECCS News

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Events
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