Artikeldatenbank
Autor(en) | Titel | Zeitschrift | Ausgabe | Seite | Rubrik |
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Yu, Qiang; Le, Jia-Liang; Hubler, Mija H.; Wendner, Roman; Cusatis, Gianluca; Ba ant, Zden k P. | Comparison of main models for size effect on shear strength of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 778-789 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThis paper presents a critical comparison of the existing code provisions for the shear strength of concrete beams. The comparison is based on the computerized filtering-out of the inevitable statistical bias from the available multivariate database on shear strength, on an examination of the predicted size effects on shear strength and their underlying hypotheses and on the results of recent high-fidelity numerical simulations of shear failure. In addition to examining the existing models, the present comparison also provides several key considerations for testing the scientific soundness of any model of shear failure in concrete beams, which is necessary for future revisions to the design code provisions. x | |||||
Yang, Yuguang; den Uijl, Joop; Walraven, Joost | Critical shear displacement theory: on the way to extending the scope of shear design and assessment for members without shear reinforcement | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 790-798 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThis paper presents a new theory for the shear capacity of reinforced concrete members without shear reinforcement. While recognizing that there are multiple failure mechanisms, the theory attributes the opening of a critical flexural shear crack as the lower bound of the shear capacity. It proposes that the shear displacement of an existing flexural crack can be used as the criterion for the unstable opening of the critical flexural shear crack. Based on the theory, the paper presents a simplified shear evaluation model. Compared with the current shear provisions in the design codes, the model is characterized by good accuracy and a solid physical background. It demonstrates a great flexibility for dealing with complex design conditions. As an example, the paper discusses the possibility of extending the theory to the shear resistance of higher-strength concrete. The suggested method provides a more logical and fluent transition from normal- to high-strength concrete and shows good agreement with experimental observations. x | |||||
Brantschen, Fabio; Faria, Duarte M.V.; Ruiz, Miguel Fernández; Muttoni, Aurelio | Bond behaviour of straight, hooked, U-shaped and headed bars in cracked concrete | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 799-810 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungMost classic investigations on bonding properties in reinforced concrete have been performed on the basis of pull-out tests, where a reinforcement bar is pulled out from an uncracked concrete cylinder, prism or cube. In these tests, the bond is governed by the concrete strength and bar surface properties of the reinforcement (bond index, rib geometry) or by the splitting strength of the concrete (concrete cover). In the latter case, bond failure occurs due to uncontrolled cracking of the concrete specimen. In contrast to these fundamental tests, bond in many structural members is activated within already cracked concrete. This is particularly relevant for the reinforcement in beams and slabs (both for flexural and transverse reinforcement), as the reinforcing bars might be located at planes where flexural cracks develop. The opening of these cracks along the reinforcement is nevertheless not uncontrolled (as opposed to splitting failures), but it is governed by the bending deformations. The bond properties and strength of the reinforcement in actual members are therefore influenced by the opening of these cracks and are potentially different from those observed in classic pull-out tests. x | |||||
Figueira, Diogo; Sousa, Carlos; Calçada, Rui; Neves, Afonso Serra | Design recommendations for reinforced concrete interfaces based on statistical and probabilistic methods | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 811-823 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungA concrete interface is a material discontinuity that requires special care with respect to structural design and assessment. Therefore, the definition of design expressions based on experimental testing data must ensure the necessary reliability depending on the type of structure and its use. The present work describes a new proposal for the design of concrete interfaces subjected to shear loading for different roughness profile types. The proposal is characterized by three linear branches (for monotonic loading) and an S-N curve (for cyclic loading) and is the result of a parametric analysis of existing experimental data (obtained by the authors and also from an extensive literature search) based on statistical and probabilistic methods. Design expressions were defined in order to minimize the dispersion and variability of the safety factor values for each experimental test considered and also to assure that those values are within a target range (defined according to reliability considerations). These improvements became clearer when the new proposal was compared with the most common design code recommendations. x | |||||
Villalba-Herrero, Sergi; Casas, Joan R. | New structural joint by rebar looping applied to staged box girder bridge construction. Static tests | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 824-835 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe paper describes the design, development and experimental checking of a modified type of structural joint with limited length between concrete segments cast in-situ. The design concept is based on the developed length of an anchorage hook stiffened by transverse reinforcement bars and is particularly suited for the case of in-situ construction of staged box girder bridges, with the intention of possibly using lighter scaffolding. x | |||||
Yanaka, Makoto; Ghasemi, Seyed Hooman; Nowak, Andrzej S. | Reliability-based and life-cycle cost-oriented design recommendations for prestressed concrete bridge girders | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 836-847 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThere are several methods available to decide appropriate design recommendations to prevent corrosion of reinforcing steel in prestressed concrete bridge girders. With respect to chloride-induced corrosion, in the present study two methods are considered. The first one is based on the target probability of corrosion initiation and the initial cost. The other method is based on the life-cycle cost that includes the initial cost, maintenance cost, and expected failure cost. This paper deals with the development of recommendations for durability design of structures in marine environments from the reliability point of view, taking into consideration the life-cycle cost of a structure. In order to address the problem, the chloride diffusion coefficient of a cracked area under service load is obtained considering opening and closing motion of cracks. Utilizing the diffusion coefficient of a cracked area, the development over time of the chloride concentration at the surface of reinforcement can be predicted. This information is used to quantify the probability of initiation of corrosion of prestressing steel as well as the distribution of life-cycle cost. Based on the findings, recommendations for durability design in various exposure environments are developed. x | |||||
Colajanni, Piero; Recupero, Antonino; Spinella, Nino | Increasing the flexural capacity of RC beams using steel angles and pre-tensioned stainless steel ribbons | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 848-857 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThis article presents an experimental programme on reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with steel angles and pre-stressed stainless steel ribbons to increase their flexural strength and ductility. Two different configurations of the steel ribbon were designed, and two companion specimens for each type considered were subjected to a four-point bending test to facilitate a direct comparison in the analysis of the effectiveness of the retrofitting technique. The influence of longitudinal steel angles and transverse stainless steel ribbons is analysed, and the concrete confinement due to stainless steel ribbons examined. The strengthened beams show remarkable increments in flexural strength and ductility with respect to the as-built beam. Moreover, a simple cross-sectional model was adopted to calculate the flexural strength; then sophisticated numerical tools were used to reproduce both the experimental load-displacement curve and crack pattern for each specimen. x | |||||
Confrere, Adeline; Michel, Laurent; Ferrier, Emmanuel; Chanvillard, Gilles | Experimental behaviour and deflection of low-strength concrete beams reinforced with FRP bars | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 858-874 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe primary objective of this new study of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-reinforced concrete (RC) beams is to evaluate the mechanical performance of RC beams made of low strength concrete internally reinforced with FRP. The use of FRP rebars with low compressive strength concrete is desirable in order to avoid the accelerated corrosion processes that could occur with steel rebars. For this purpose, an experimental programme was designed to identify the failure modes and bending behaviour. The experimental results are compared with equations from ACI 440.1R-06, CSA S806-12 and other design codes as well as with other results from a review of the literature. x | |||||
Zhou, Linyun; Liu, Huangin | Response of cracked simply supported concrete beam with moving vehicle load | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 875-882 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe dynamic response of a cracked beam subjected to moving loads has been studied extensively in the past decades. However, very little is known about the dynamic impact factors and crack propagation when vehicles move along the cracked beam. It can be reasonably postulated that a crack extension may occur when the vehicle loads cross the cracked bridge at a high speed. As a result, the dynamic response will be enlarged significantly due to the flexural rigidity reduction induced by cracks, which may result in a dangerous effect on structures. To address this problem, a three-dimensional vehicle-bridge model was developed to investigate the dynamic response of cracked bridges with crack breathing. Crack breathing is simulated at the crack surface using contact elements. The modified crack closure method is adopted to calculate the stress intensity factors. The results showed that the impact factors for the damaged bridge under a moving load could be notably larger than those for the intact bridge, and could exceed the value specified in the AASHTO bridge design code. Meanwhile, crack propagation may occur when the vehicles move along the cracked bridge at a high speed. So, it is very necessary to limit the velocity and transverse position of the vehicles to avoid further damage to the cracked bridge. x | |||||
Maghsoudi, Mohammad; Maghsoudi, Aliakbar; Heshmati, Arash Ali | The monitored and theoretical ultimate moment and ductility of pre-tensioned HSSCC bridge girders | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 883-895 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungSelf-compacting concrete (SCC) is defined as highly flowable and non-segregating concrete that does not require mechanical vibration during application. Load testing of bridge girders was investigated on full scale T-beams of pre-tensioned high strength self-compacting concrete (PHSSCC). The girders were monitored by fixing different types of sensors at different locations. x | |||||
Aykac, Sabahattin; Kalkan, Ilker; Tankut, Tugrul | Flexural strengthening and repair of RC slabs by adding a new RC layer | Structural Concrete | 5/2016 | 896-909 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe present paper summarizes the findings of an experimental programme to investigate a strengthening/repair technique through the introduction of a new RC layer to an existing slab. Six RC slabs, composed of twelve cantilever and six interior spans, were tested under monotonic transverse loading. The behaviour of statically determinate cantilever spans and indeterminate interior spans was examined by comparing the test results of these specimens to the results of reference slabs, in which the existing and additional layers were cast monolithically. The influences of recovering the permanent slab deformation before repair and the spacing of the shear connectors between the existing and additional layers were investigated. The tests indicated that recovering the permanent deformations of a slab before repair substantially reduces its rigidity while having little influence on the ultimate load. Furthermore, debonding of the reinforcement was observed to considerably decrease the load capacities and rigidities of the slabs. x | |||||
Contents: Structural Concrete 4/2016 | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | Contents | ||
Doniak, Íria Lícia Oliva | Local and global integration for a sustainable future | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 520-521 | Editorials |
von Greve-Dierfeld, Stefanie; Gehlen, Christoph | Performance-based durability design, carbonation part 2 - Classification of concrete | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 523-532 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungAt present, prescriptive regulations with regard to concrete cover and composition are applied to provide sufficient durability of reinforced concrete members under exposure conditions with different degrees of severity. In view of current knowledge on deterioration mechanisms and their modelling, it is planned to change from these deemed-to-satisfy specifications to a performance-based design approach in future standards. In such specifications, concrete durability design is based on the statistically characterized performance of concrete, determined in standardized tests with respect to defined classes of concretes with similar performance. x | |||||
Andrade, Carmen; Cesetti, Alessandro; Mancini, Giuseppe; Tondolo, Francesco | Estimating corrosion attack in reinforced concrete by means of crack opening | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 533-540 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe corrosion of reinforcement in concrete is the most common degradation phenomenon of reinforced concrete structures. Reinforced concrete elements subjected to corrosion generally crack due to the expansive nature of oxides. One very important task is estimating the corrosion level using a non-destructive method in order to establish both the actual safety of the structure and a priority intervention plan. x | |||||
Hussein, Luaay; Amleh, Lamya | Analytical modelling of bond stress at steel-concrete interface due to corrosion | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 541-552 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungAn analytical model is proposed for bond stresses at the corroded steel-concrete interface in reinforced concrete. The concrete around the corroded bar is modelled as a thick-walled cylinder - consisting of an inner cylinder of an anisotropic material and an outer cylinder made of an isotropic material - subjected to internal pressure exerted by the growth of corrosion products on the concrete wall at the interface. A frictional model is used to combine the action of confining pressure due to radial pressure produced by principal bar ribs and the pressure resulting from expansion of corrosion products. The analysis results using the proposed model show good agreement with the experimental results of several researchers. x | |||||
Zych, Mariusz | Modification of the simplified method of crack control included in EN 1992-3 | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 553-563 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe methods of crack control for liquid-retaining RC tank walls are analysed taking into account external load (EN 1992-1-1) and imposed strain occurring at the construction stage (EN 1992-3), i.e. during the concrete-hardening period. The convergence ranges of the simplified method of crack control included in EN 1992-3 and the detailed calculation methods included in EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1992-3 are defined. Apart from the compatibility areas, overestimation of the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter &phgr;s*, illustrated in Fig. 7.103N in EN 1992-3, was proved. Coefficients k&phgr;1 and k&phgr;2 are defined, which enable the calculation of the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter &phgr;s* in order to obtain the values complying with the direct calculations. For practical purposes, graphs have been plotted to facilitate the definition of coefficients k&phgr;1 and k&phgr;2 without performing direct calculations. On the basis of the analyses performed and the relations proposed, it can be concluded that there is a possibility or a necessity to increase or decrease the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter &phgr;s* depending on the concrete mechanical properties and geometrical properties of an RC tank wall. x | |||||
Tian, He; Zhang, Y. X.; Yang, Chunhui; Ding, Yining | Recent advances in experimental studies of the mechanical behaviour of natural fibre-reinforced cementitious composites | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 564-575 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThis paper presents a review of recent research and development work involving natural fibre-reinforced concrete (NFRC). The recent developments in NFRC reinforced with different types of natural fibre, such as sisal fibre, bagasse fibre, coir fibre, banana fibre, eucalyptus fibre, flax fibre, jute fibre and pinus radiate fibre, are covered. Natural fibres and their modification methods are introduced first and the development history of natural fibre-reinforced concrete and the relevant research into the mechanical behaviour of NFRC in both the short- and long-term are reviewed. The applications of NFRC are also summarized. x | |||||
irgulis, Giedrius; vec, Old ich; Geiker, Mette Rica; Cwirzen, Andrzej; Kanstad, Terje | Variation in fibre volume and orientation in walls: experimental and numerical investigations | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 576-587 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungPrevious research with fibre-reinforced slab elements has shown that the surface roughness of formwork and the presence of rebars affect fibre orientation and fibre volume distribution. This paper discusses the orientation and volume distribution of steel fibres in wall elements cast from a single point. Aparticular focus of the work was the effect of formwork tie ba rs on fibre orientation and distribution. Numerical simulations and X-ray computed tomography were appliedto quantify the fibre orientation and distribution, and the mechanical performance was determined using three-point bending tests on sawn beams. The Thorenfeldt model (applied in the Norwegian proposal for the new fibre-reinforced concrete guideline) was used to estimate the residual flexural tensile strength based on fibre orientation and distribution. x | |||||
di Prisco, Marco; Martinelli, Paolo; Parmentier, Benoit | On the reliability of the design approach for FRC structures according to fib Model Code 2010: the case of elevated slabs | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 588-602 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThis paper focuses on the reliability of the design approach proposed in the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 for estimating the ultimate capacity of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) elevated slabs on the basis of different tests for material characterization. The fracture properties of the material are determined through three-point bending tests on notched beams and through double edge wedge splitting (DEWS) tests carried out on cylinders cored in the full-size test structure. As a case study, an FRC elevated flat slab 0.2 m thick is considered which consists of nine bays (panels) measuring 6 × 6 m (overall size 18.3 × 18.3 m) and is supported by 16 circular concrete columns. The ultimate bearing capacity of the slab determined experimentally is compared with the design value predicted by means of a procedure based on limit analysis following fib Model Code 2010. The results show that the method proposed in fib Model Code 2010 using the characteristic values and the classification is reliable. Even if the tests are affected by a significant standard deviation and the two experimental campaigns with three-point bending tests give a significant difference between class “5c” and class “3e”, the structural test results in a loadbearing capacity that is always larger than the predicted one, which considers a safety coefficient for the material &ggr;F = 1.5. x | |||||
Simões, João T.; Bujnak, Jan; Ruiz, Miguel Fernández; Muttoni, Aurelio | Punching shear tests on compact footings with uniform soil pressure | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 603-617 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungPunching shear is usually the governing failure criterion when selecting the depth of reinforced concrete footings. Despite the fact that large experimental programmes aimed at the punching strength of slender flat slabs have been performed in the past, only a few experimental campaigns on full-scale compact reinforced concrete footings can be found in the literature. This paper presents the results of an experimental programme including eight reinforced concrete footings with a nominal thickness of 550 mm. These experiments investigated the influence of column size, member slenderness and the presence of compression and shear reinforcement. The tests were performed using an innovative test setup to ensure a uniform soil pressure. The experimental results show that slenderness influences the punching shear strength as well as the effectiveness of the shear reinforcement. The experiments also show that an important interaction occurs between bending and shear for high levels of shear force near the column (the typical case of compact footings or members with large amounts of shear reinforcement). Different continuous measurements recorded during the experimental tests allow a complete description of the kinematics and strains at failure. On that basis, experimental evidence is obtained showing that crushing of the concrete struts near the column is the phenomenon that triggers the punching failure of compact footings. x | |||||
Mobin, Jalal Salehi; Kazemi, Mohammad Taghi; Attari, Nader K.A. | Cyclic behaviour of interior reinforced concrete beam-column connection with self-consolidating concrete | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 618-629 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungA significant amount of research on self-consolidating concrete (SCC) technology has been devoted to evaluating the suitability of the material for its use in structural applications. However, more research is required to confirm the adequacy of SCC structural members for resisting gravity and seismic loads. This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the seismic performance of interior reinforced concrete beam-column connections with SCC. Four beam-column connection specimens, three with SCC and one with normally vibrated concrete (NC), were designed for this experimental study. Factors such as concrete type (SCC or NC) and axial load ratio (0, 7.5 and 15 % of column section capacity) were assumed to be the variables in designing the specimens. Beam-column connections made with NC and SCC were studied and compared under reversed cyclic loading. The performance of SCC specimens is comparable with NC specimens in terms of strength, displacement and ductility, but SCC specimens show lower energy dissipation capacity. x | |||||
von der Haar, Christoph; Marx, Steffen | Development of stiffness and ultrasonic pulse velocity of fatigue loaded concrete | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 630-636 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungDamage processes in fatigue loaded concrete structures depend on the number and amplitude of the load cycles applied. Damage evolution is linked to a reduction in concrete stiffness, and it is thought that this reduction causes stress redistributions at component level which have a favourable impact on the service life of a structure. Until now, the stiffness reduction and stress redistribution have never been successfully measured in laboratory tests or in situ. It is only known that the real service life is longer than the calculated one and that indicators of stiffness reduction, such as component deflection, increase with the number of load cycles applied. x | |||||
Hümme, Julian; von der Haar, Christoph; Lohaus, Ludger; Marx, Steffen | Fatigue behaviour of a normal-strength concrete - number of cycles to failure and strain development | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 637-645 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungThe fatigue behaviour of concrete is gaining new relevance against the backdrop of continuous developments in concrete construction. Modern types of concrete are achieving ever higher strengths; hence, concrete structures are becoming increasingly attractive for new fields of application such as onshore and offshore wind turbines. The fatigue of concrete has a special relevance for these cyclically loaded structures and knowledge of the number of cycles to failure is no longer sufficient for their design. There are further questions concerning strain and stiffness development and the combination of fatigue loading and maritime environmental conditions which have been investigated with new testing methods at Leibniz Universität Hannover within the scope of the “ProBeton” research project. The first results of this project, which is supported by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, are presented here. x | |||||
Classen, Martin; Herbrand, Martin; Kueres, Dominik; Hegger, Josef | Derivation of design rules for innovative shear connectors in steel-concrete composites through the systematic use of non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) | Structural Concrete | 4/2016 | 646-655 | Technical Papers |
KurzfassungToday, the development of innovative shear connectors for steel-concrete composites is accompanied by a large number of experimental investigations, which are obligatory when proposing suitable design formula and carving out their limitations of use. Using the example of the so-called pin connector, the present paper illustrates to what extent validated finite element models of novel shear connectors can be used to replace expensive and time-consuming shear tests and how these finite element models can support the deduction of design concepts. The pin connector considered was developed for connecting steel sections to very slender high-strength concrete slabs in which conventional shear connectors such as headed studs cannot be used due to the limited embedment depth. In order to clarify the shear behaviour and load-carrying mechanisms of these novel connectors, non-linear finite element models were set up using the commercial FE software Abaqus. Subsequently, the FE models were used to perform systematic parametric studies. This paper describes the numerical results and also explains the stepwise development of an entire engineering model for determining the longitudinal shear capacity of small-scale pin connectors, including all the necessary limitations of use. The proposed modelling strategy and the methodology for the deduction of design rules can be transferred and assigned to other types of shear connectors. x |