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Keine Kurzfassung verfügbar.

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The paper summarizes the activities of Czech tunnelling consultants and contractors, mainly after 1989. After the political changes, consultants and contractors were able to obtain access to projects abroad. The contractors first started their presence in the European tunnelling market as subcontractors, and later managed to tender for tunnelling contracts on their own. Iceland, Croatia and Finland have all witnessed successful performance of Metrostav a.s. and Subterra a.s. is currently working in Serbia. Consultants started their activities abroad after 1989, when foreign consultancy firms Mott MacDonald and D2 Consult established branches in the Czech Republic, which at present are working on projects in various countries in Europe and Asia. Metroprojekt Praha a.s. (without a foreign partner) is currently involved in consultancy activities in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Dieser Beitrag fasst die Tätigkeiten tschechischer Tunnelbau-Consultants und Tunnelbau-Unternehmen, vornehmlich nach 1989, zusammen. Nach dem politischen Umbruch waren Baufirmen und Sachverständige in der Lage, Zugang zu ausländischen Tunnelbauprojekten zu erlangen, wobei die Baufirmen im europäischen Tunnelgeschäft dabei zunächst als Subunternehmer auftraten. Später nahmen sie eigenständig an Ausschreibungen teil. Sowohl in Island, Kroatien und Finnland als auch derzeit in Serbien kann man die erfolgreiche Durchführung verschiedener Projekte durch Metrostav a.s. bzw. Subterra a.s. beobachten. Consultants starteten ihre Tätigkeit im Ausland ab 1989, nachdem Mott MacDonald und D2 Consult Zweigstellen in der Tschechischen Republik etabliert hatten, welche derzeit an verschiedenen Projekten in Europa und Asien arbeiten. Darüber hinaus ist Metroprojekt Praha a.s. (ohne ausländischen Partner) an Beratertätigkeiten in Sofia, Bulgarien beteiligt.

Sixteen cyclic tests on full-strength welded stiffened beam-to-column joints were carried out to study their seismic performance. High-strength steel (HSS) was used for composite columns acting as non-dissipative elastic members and mild carbon steel (MCS) for the beams acting as dissipative members. Two types of welded full-strength connections were studied: rib-stiffened and cover-plate connections. Additional parameters in the study were: different cyclic loadings and the presence of axial force in the column. Experimental results revealed the good behaviour of the joints in terms of relocation of inelastic action away from the face of the beam-to-column connection into the beam section, with correspondingly large ductility, low-cycle fatigue resistance and minimization of damage in the column.

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This study presents a numerical investigation into the cyclic performance of skewed special moment frame (SMF) connections that include composite concrete slabs. The study uses advanced finite element simulations to investigate the behaviour of shallow (W14×), medium (W24×) and deep (W33×) steel column sections with three levels of beam skew (10, 20 and 30 degrees) for both bare-steel and composite (steel-concrete) construction. To account for complex torsional boundary conditions that may affect the skewed connection response, prequalification-type analyses were conducted considering the middle storey of a three-storey, two-way moment frame configuration. In the analyses, all skewed configurations achieved at least 0.04 rad of connection rotation during the cyclic loading protocol prior to a 20 % reduction in moment capacity. When a composite concrete slab was added, column twisting and column flange yielding increased at large skew angles (30 degrees) during positive moment cycles.

A significant amount of research on self-consolidating concrete (SCC) technology has been devoted to evaluating the suitability of the material for its use in structural applications. However, more research is required to confirm the adequacy of SCC structural members for resisting gravity and seismic loads. This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the seismic performance of interior reinforced concrete beam-column connections with SCC. Four beam-column connection specimens, three with SCC and one with normally vibrated concrete (NC), were designed for this experimental study. Factors such as concrete type (SCC or NC) and axial load ratio (0, 7.5 and 15 % of column section capacity) were assumed to be the variables in designing the specimens. Beam-column connections made with NC and SCC were studied and compared under reversed cyclic loading. The performance of SCC specimens is comparable with NC specimens in terms of strength, displacement and ductility, but SCC specimens show lower energy dissipation capacity.

A series of full-scale laboratory experiments was conducted to investigate the cyclic behaviour of an external diaphragm joint between a steel I-beam and a circular hollow section column. The joint incorporated two diaphragm plates (DPs) welded to the column's external wall and bolted to the flanges of the beam using tapered cover plates (TCPs). The joint was designed to limit yielding and plastic hinging of the TCPs while the other joint components remained elastic. This is necessary if the joint is to qualify for use in structures classified in the damage control structural performance range according to FEMA 356. Two parameters of the TCPs are investigated in this paper: steel grade and bolt preload force. The use of higher steel grades was found to impose undesirable higher strain demands on the beam and DPs and dissipate less energy than the joints with the lower grade. A controlled reduction in the bolt preload force allowed connection slippage to occur beyond the serviceability limit, created an additional energy dissipation fuse and allowed rotation of the plastic hinge region to exceed the 25 mrad required for medium ductility class structures.

It is clear that semi-rigid frames exhibit completely non-linear behaviour under cyclic loading due to gradual yielding of connection components. The current study presents the experimental results from the test of a semi-rigid frame specimen, comprising a single storey and one bay, and the analysis results obtained from a finite element model of the specimen. In this study, semi-rigid joints with header plates are used for beam-tocolumn connections. The initial stiffness and moment-carrying capacity of the connection, designed as a semi-rigid and partial strength connection type, were determined in accordance with Eurocode 3. In the modelling of the semi-rigid beam-to-column connection behaviour, four-parameter non-linear representation of the moment - rotation curve obtained using the Ramberg-Osgood formula was employed. Loading of the test specimen consisted of quasi-static cycles with displacement control. The cyclic response of the specimen is characterized by a stable hysteretic behaviour. When comparing the envelope of the hysteresis loops from the cyclic test of the specimen with the pushover curve achieved by non-linear finite element analysis, the model gives a good prediction of the ultimate strength and initial stiffness of the frame.

Cutter consumption and parameters such as cutter ring wear has a great relevance in the overall excavation time and cost in hard rock tunnel boring machines (TBMs), especially in hard rock conditions. Cutter wear involves a complex tribological system that interacts also with the geologicy of the rock mass. Understanding the processes and failure mechanisms during cutter wear (e.g. modes of contact, wear, load effects) and assessing the influence of temperature on cutter ring wear processes enables new knowledge to be applied to get better cutter consumption predictions and future improvements in cutter ring development. In addition, it might be used to evaluate the suitability of the new rock abrasivity test method (Rolling Indentation Abrasion Test, RIAT) for assessing cutter ring wear.

Cutter Soil Mixing (CSM), a deep soil mixing method, was used to rehabilitate the Herbert Hoover Dike, Florida by installing a cutoff wall. After an introduction to the method including remarks on its advantages and limitations, the rehabilitation project and its background are presented. The paper describes the necessary approach to apply Cutter Soil Mixing under the specific site conditions. Finally, results obtained from an extensive testing program are discussed.

Herstellung einer Dichtwand mittels Cutter-Soil-Mixing: Ein Fallbeispiel.
Das Bodenmischverfahren Cutter-Soil-Mixing (CSM) wurde bei der Instandsetzung des Herbert-Hoover-Deichs in Florida zum Einbau einer Dichtwand eingesetzt. Das Verfahren einschließlich seiner Vorteile und Einsatzgrenzen wird vorgestellt und der Hintergrund des Deichsanierungsprojekts erläutert. Der Aufsatz beschreibt das Vorgehen, welches für den Einsatz des CSM-Verfahrens unter den speziellen Randbedingungen der Baustelle notwendig war. Zum Schluss werden die Ergebnisse des umfangreichen Versuchsprogramms diskutiert.

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ZJA Zwarts & Jansma Architects have designed a new light rail departure station in The Hague, The Netherlands. The spatial roof structure of the station is made of rolled steel rectangular hollow sections arranged in two independent layers rigidly connected to each other. A glass envelope covering the roof structure matches the contours of the steel exactly. Since the diamond-shaped glass panes could only be attached to the outer layer of the steel grid, the panes (with edge lengths of approx. 1.30 m) are supported on two sides only. When optimizing the overall geometry, the double-curvature area at the nose of the roof structure became a special focus. Knippers Helbig Advanced Engineering has managed to minimize the deviation of each single glass pane from the single-curvature geometry to a maximum out-of-plane deformation of only 3 mm. Therefore, the project is a great example of how geometry development can influence structural design and enable new approaches.

During high wind or earthquake action, high-rise multi-storey buildings respond with relatively large storey drifts. The building envelope, in this case a curtain wall, exposed to this in-plane shear resists the action with its drift capacity. This paper describes tests on two different configurations of a newly developed unitized curtain wall, “Qbiss Air” (QAir), using three different cyclic protocols. The protocols were derived on the basis of the serviceability limit state for regions with moderate to high wind and seismicity. The details and configuration influence the response of the system significantly, so the design of the structure can provide accurate information for the design of such systems.

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For the verification of the load bearing and deformation behavior of segmental lining under exactly known conditions a test rig was designed and built in cooperation between the Montanuniversity of Leoben - Chair of Subsurface Engineering and the Austrian Federal Railway. On the basis of tests performed with steel-reinforced precast elements, first statements can be made in relation to the load bearing and deformation behaviour of the tested segments. Furthermore, a camera-based system for crack detection is presented. A finite-element model has also been set-up and this model has been validated using the test data.
Für die Verifizierung des Trag- und Verformungsverhaltens von Tübbingen unter definierten Belastungsbedingungen wurde an der Montanuniversität Leoben - Lehrstuhl für Subsurface Engineering in Zusammenarbeit mit der ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG ein Prüfstand für biaxiale Versuche entwickelt. Auf Basis der durchgeführten Versuche mit stahlbewehrten Tübbingen des Koralmtunnels Baulos KAT2 können erste Aussagen zum Trag- und Verformungsverhalten der getesteten Tübbinge getroffen werden. Des Weiteren wird ein am Lehrstuhl für Subsurface Engineering entwickeltes System zur Erkennung von Rissen auf Kamerabasis vorgestellt. Ein dreidimensionales FE-Modell der untersuchten Tübbinge wurde anhand der ermittelten Versuchsdaten in numerischen Simulationen validiert.

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The Koralmbahn railway line between Graz and Klagenfurt is an essential link in the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor. The new high-speed line will create new capacities and significantly better conditions for environmentally friendly goods transport by rail. The current journey times for passengers will be reduced considerably. The Koralm Tunnel with a length of 32.9 km is the most important section of the new Koralmbahn. The article reports on the current state of design, investigation and construction at the Koralm Tunnel and examples of further development are presented.

Die Koralmbahn zwischen Graz und Klagenfurt stellt ein maßgebliches Teilstück im Rahmen des Baltisch-Adriatischen Korridors dar. Mit dieser neuen Eisenbahn-Hochleistungsverbindung werden neue Kapazitäten und deutlich verbesserte Voraussetzungen für den umweltfreundlichen Bahngüterverkehr geschaffen. Im Personenverkehr wird die derzeitige Fahrzeit erheblich reduziert. Der Koralmtunnel stellt mit einer Länge von rund 32,9 km das Kernstück der neuen Koralmbahn dar. Im Artikel wird über den aktuellen Stand der Planung, der Erkundung und der baulichen Umsetzung beim Koralmtunnel berichtet, und es werden projektspezifische Weiterentwicklungen exemplarisch vorgestellt.

The St. Kanzian tunnel chain lies near the Völkermarkt reservoir and is part of the Mittlern-Althofen approval section of the Koralmbahn line in Carinthia. Of the six tunnels in the St. Kanzian tunnel chain, the 495 m long Kühnsdorf green tunnel (cut-and-cover) has already been completed. The construction of the 230 m long Peratschitzen green tunnel (a cut-and-cover noise protection tunnel) and the 620 m long Srejach Tunnel (top-down construction) started in summer 2015. Work should start on the Untersammelsdorf, Stein and Lind Tunnels (all mined tunnels), in spring/summer 2016. The tunnels lie partially in challenging geological conditions (lacustrine sediments), all with shallow overburden, and require special measures for support and ground improvement (bored piles, jet grouting). Particular attention has been paid to later maintenance costs, which have to be considered in the course of the design work.
Die Tunnelkette St. Kanzian liegt im Bereich des Völkermarkter Stausees und ist Bestandteil des Einreichabschnitts Mittlern-Althofen im Westteil der Koralmbahn in Kärnten. Von den sechs Tunneln der Tunnelkette St. Kanzian ist der 495 m lange Grüntunnel Kühnsdorf (offene Bauweise) bereits fertiggestellt. Die Herstellung des 230 m langen Grüntunnels Peratschitzen (offene Bauweise) und des 620 m langen Tunnels Srejach (Deckelbauweise) hat im Sommer 2015 begonnen. Mit den Tunneln Untersammelsdorf, Stein und Lind (alle geschlossene Bauweise) soll im Frühjahr/Sommer 2016 begonnen werden. Die Tunnelbauwerke liegen teilweise in herausfordernden geologischen Verhältnissen (Stillwassersedimente) mit durchwegs geringer Überlagerung und erfordern besondere Maßnahmen zur Stützung und Baugrundverbesserung (Bohrpfähle, Düsenstrahlverfahren). Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die späteren Erhaltungskosten gelegt, die in den Planungsentscheidungen berücksichtigt wurden.

In water pressure-relieved rail tunnels, calcium carbonate scaling occurs in tunnel drain pipes. This scaling is caused by the surrounding geology, groundwater or the use of building materials containing cement. If the amount of scale becomes excessive, the drains have to be be cleaned to prevent an increase of the water pressure on the tunnel lining, which can cause damage to the tunnel structure or water ingress. At the moment, the growth of scale in tunnel drainage can only be monitored by camera surveys. This requires closure of the track or the whole tunnel and causes a massive operational restriction. Therefore the ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG project “Task Force Drainage” is looking for ways to monitor the growth of scale without any operating restrictions. Among other measures, an FFG project has been launched, and international knowledge transfer is taking place in the context of Shift2Rail. Various sensors and measuring methods are currently being examined regarding their suitability for this research question, examples including the measurement of differences in electrical resistance and acoustic measurement methods.
In druckwasserentlasteten Eisenbahntunneln entstehen in Bauwerksdränagen oftmals Versinterungen, die ihre Ursache in der umgebenden Geologie, dem Grundwasser oder in eingesetzten zementgebundenen Baustoffen haben. Diese Versinterungen bestehen zumeist aus Calciumcarbonat. Erreichen die Versinterungen ein kritisches Maß, müssen die Rohre gereinigt werden, um zu verhindern, dass sich durch einen Verschluss ein Wasserdruck auf das Tunnelbauwerk aufbauen oder Wasser in den Fahrbereich eindringen kann. Um die Versinterungen in den Rohren zu überwachen, sind derzeit aufwendige Kamerabefahrungen notwendig. Diese erfordern eine Einstellung des Zugverkehrs und führen damit zu einer massiven Betriebseinschränkung. Im Rahmen des Projekts “Task Force Dränagen” der ÖBB-Infrastruktur AG wird nach Möglichkeiten gesucht, das Versinterungswachstum ohne Betriebseinschränkungen überwachen zu können. Dazu wurde unter anderem ein FFG-Projekt ins Leben gerufen. Internationaler Wissenstransfer findet im Rahmen von Shift2Rail statt. Aktuell werden verschiedene Sensoren und Messverfahren auf ihre Eignung für diese Fragestellung untersucht. Beispielhaft seien die Messung von Unterschieden des elektrischen Widerstands und akustische Messverfahren genannt.