Journal articles
Author(s) | Title | Journal | Issue | Page | Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Höser, Sebastian; Bahr, Alexander; Wagner, Hanns; Mehlführer, Markus; Herzeg, Thomas | Untersammelsdorf Tunnel - Challenges and special measures during tunnelling in lacustrine clay / Tunnel Untersammelsdorf - Herausforderungen und Sondermaßnahmen beim Vortrieb im Seeton | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 450-461 | Topics |
AbstractThe 665 m long, twin-track Untersammelsdorf Tunnel is being built in the course of the construction of the Koralmbahn line between Graz and Klagenfurt. The tunnel is located in extremely challenging subsoil conditions consisting of silty to fine sandy lacustrine deposits. The developed tunnelling concept provided wide-ranging special underground engineering measures and represents a unique construction method to date. Accordingly, numerous challenges arose in the design phase, which were verified by carrying out extensive trials and investigations in the preparatory period or for which fallback levels had to be provided for the support system. Now tunnelling work is almost complete, the experience can be reported. x | |||||
Wieland, Gerd; Prall, Karoline; Lenz, Gerold; Schachinger, Tobias; Gobiet, Gerhard | Semmering Base Tunnel - Design and construction of the shaft head caverns under difficult conditions / Semmering-Basistunnel - Planung und Bau der Schachtkopfkavernen unter erschwerten Bedingungen | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 462-470 | Topics |
AbstractIn contract SBT1.1 of the Semmering Base Tunnel, the single-track main tunnels are being driven from the portal in Gloggnitz and from a temporary intermediate starting point in Göstritz. The temporary intermediate starting point in Göstritz is being constructed in order to reduce the risk to the tunnel construction x | |||||
Weiner, Thorsten; Thewes, Markus | New testing method for the prediction of the dispersion of soil in slurry shield tunnelling / Neue Methode zur Prognose der Dispergierung beim flüssigkeitsgestützten Schildvortrieb | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 471-478 | Topics |
AbstractIn this contribution, we present a new testing method for the prediction of the dispersion of soil in slurry shield tunnelling. It is based on the proven slake durability test equipment but differs substantially regarding the procedure for testing and evaluation. With the results, a substantial data analysis was conducted searching for correlations with typical characteristic soil parameters. For the first time in tunnelling practice, the test enables a qualitative assessment and therefore a prognosis of the expected dispersion based on quantitative values determined in a traceable and reproducible testing method. In addition the test allows for an estimation of the dispersion tendency based on figures for the plasticity and consistency, which are usually collected anyway in the preliminary stages of a tunnelling project. Contractual recommendations are also provided concerning the topic of dispersion. x | |||||
Edelhoff, Dennis; Humme, Eva | Selection of a suitable TBM for soft ground tunnelling / Auswahl einer geeigneten Tunnelvortriebsmaschine für den Vortrieb im Lockergestein | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 479-486 | Topics |
AbstractFor tunnelling in loose rock, where active and continuous support of the face is required, the application areas of mix/hydro and EPB shield machines are increasingly overlapping to such a degree that the use of both types of machine is possible both in the fine-grain range and in coarse-grained loose rock. Since the prevailing soil conditions are rarely homogeneous, but rather characterised by alternating sequence, the planning process is of decisive importance. However, it is not possible to select machines solely based on soil conditions or geotechnical parameters. The supplementary assessment areas include the machine- and process-engineering, system-immanent special features, e.g. management of bricks/blocks, transfer of supporting pressure and maintenance, interaction of TVM building ground regarding wear and sticking, utilization of the overburden as well as evaluation of the spoil quality. This article describes the main aspects of the decision-making process for suitable machine and tunnelling technology and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages. x | |||||
Gollegger, Johannes | Experience from TBM excavation obtained in the Follo Line Project | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 487-492 | Topics |
AbstractIn some projects the selection of TBM is straight forward, but in others all boundary conditions have to be carefully evaluated in order to make the most suitable choice. For underground projects the actual ground conditions remain to certain degree always unknown, regardless of the performed ground investigations. This means specific parameters, which may have significant impact on the project success, might be over- or underestimated. Such parameters could be different rock mass properties as well as water ingress. This paper discusses some relevant parameters for TBM selection in hard rock environment, mainly based on the experience gained in the Follo Line Project in Norway. Four double shield TBMs with excavation diameter of 9.96 m are drilling through various kinds of gneisses with banding and lenses of amphibolite and pegmatite. More than 75 % of a total of 36 km have already been excavated with several kilometres of pre-excavation grouting for reduction of water ingress. Furthermore, potential improvements for TBMs will be proposed in order to make TBMs even more successful. x | |||||
Flora, Matthias; Jäger, Manfred; Teuscher, Peter | Selection and specification of a tunnel boring machine as the leading factor for the achievement of project goals / Auswahl und Spezifizierung der Tunnelvortriebsmaschine als maßgebliche Einflussgröße für den Projekterfolg | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 492-504 | Topics |
AbstractFor almost all tunnelling jobs in the world - independent of continent or culture - the question has to be answered, which is the most suitable tunnelling method or in case of a mechanised tunnelling project the preferred tunnel boring machine to be used. Just the correct choice of a machine does not necessarily lead to the success of a project, which depends more on the design of the tunnel boring machine as well as the definition of measures to cope with all possible events during the advance. The core of the article constitutes a priori determined decision-making process and the resulting guideline and intends to raise awareness of the critical criteria and parameters. x | |||||
Bach, Dietmar; Holzer, Wolfgang; Leitner, Wolfgang; Radoni , Nedim | The use of TBM process data as a normative basis of the contractual advance classification for TBM advances in hard rock / Die Verwendung von Maschinenparametern und Betriebsdaten als normative Grundlage für die vertragliche Vortriebsklassifizierung für Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen im Festgestein | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 505-518 | Topics |
AbstractIn April 2016 a newly formed working group began with the revision of the Austrian standard ÖNORM B 2203-2. The goal of the group was the establishment of a practicable advance classification scheme, which would be applicable both for the design and for the construction phase. In addition, a clear separation should be established between a regular advance, which is clearly described and can be calculated by the bidding contractor, and a “hindered advance”, which cannot clearly be described and calculated. The contractual framework is used to compensate for the regular advance, and hindering occurrences such as water ingress or increased wear are compensated by additional contractual time-dependent costs. Fair compensation regulations for hindered advance (such as an advance through blocky rock mass, mixed face conditions, swelling, squeezing ground, major face instabilities, increased adhesion and stickiness of muck, obstacles and suspension losses) are to be defined as well. The method presented in this paper and based on systematic TBM data evaluation achieves both the goal of contractual advance classification and the goal of establishing a simple threshold differentiating regular advance and hindered advance. x | |||||
Mair am Tinkhof, Kurt; Radon i , Nedim; Reinhold, Chris; Insam, Romed; Rehbock-Sander, Michael | From the geological prognosis to the TBM drive: Planning the main construction lots of the Brenner Base Tunnel / Vom geologischen Gutachten zum maschinellen Vortrieb: Festlegung des Vortriebskonzepts für die Hauptbaulose des Brenner Basistunnels | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 519-529 | Topics |
AbstractIt is state of the art to drive long tunnels in Alpine areas using hard rock TBMs. Mechanised tunnelling has much less flexibility than conventional excavation, so a deeper analysis of the available geological and geotechnical fundamentals is needed. In the course of planning the mechanised drives of the main tunnels on the Austrian side of the Brenner Base Tunnel, a detailed tunnelling concept was created, which deals with the project-specific features and boundary conditions. The exploratory tunnel, which is used for geological and geotechnical exploration for the construction of the main tunnels, is currently being excavated. Through additional analyses, the geotechnical model could be verified and a reliable update of the rock parameters and the associated critical decisions has been achieved. All further specifications regarding TBM requirements, additional and auxiliary measures, support concept, bill of quantities and construction time model were based on the prognosis of system behaviour. x | |||||
Cudrigh-Maislinger, Susanna | 3D geological modelling - Through the example of Karawanken Tunnel project, northern section / Geologische 3D-Modellierung am Beispiel des Karawankentunnels, Abschnitt Nord | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 530-536 | Topics |
AbstractBefore design and construction, particularly underground, it is essential to know the geological conditions well. Nowadays as in many other fields 3D modelling is a very powerful and helpful tool in geology and geotechnics. The advantages of 3D modelling in geology are convincing: In the past, 2D geological maps and sections were of common use and it could sometimes be difficult to conceive a 3D picture of the underground conditions from the 2D images. With modern software, geological 3D models can be generated easily. Once a 3D model is established, the underground situation is more comprehensible and inconsistencies in geological interpretation are immediately apparent. 2D sections can also be produced with little effort at any position. The model can also be used as a geological database for the project. All available geological and geotechnical information like maps, sections, borehole data and lab test results can be attached to the model. The generation of a geological 3D model will be explained through the example of the Karawanken Tunnel, northern section. x | |||||
Barth, Anton; Höllrigl, Jakob | Model adaption to reflect reality from design to construction through the example of a quarry / Anpassung der Modelle an die Wirklichkeit von der Planung zur Ausführung am Beispiel eines Steinbruchs | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 537-543 | Topics |
AbstractAfter a landslide in 2007, a quarry face is to be restored. Consequently, models had to be formed of the geological conditions, of the material behaviour and of the failure mechanism, as well as a calculation model to simulate this mechanism. The geological structure and observations during and after the landslide suggested that the failure was a result of the toppling of slab-shaped rock blocks. The landslide facilitated a back analysis of strength parameters from this large-scale in-situ test, thus making laboratory tests, derived from classification systems and estimations of these parameters, unnecessary. A limit equilibrium method and a numerical model available for the simulation of toppling correspondingly showed that flattening of the face up to the mining boundary results in a sufficient factor of safety. However, the transition from weathered material to rock could not yet be considered. Only the first step of the face restoration, and excavation of the weathered cover, managed to shed light on its thickness, which facilitated precision of the calculation model. Only the excavation of the rock mass displaced by the landslide will show whether the quarry face geometry necessary for a sufficient factor of safety is feasible with respect to the actual loosening of the rock mass and to the actual depth of the landslide. x | |||||
Brandtner, Markus; Hofmann, Matthias; Paternesi, Alessandra; Saurer, Erich; Schweiger, Helmut F.; Walter, Herbert | Design strategies for sprayed concrete linings / Bemessungsstrategien für Spritzbetonschalen | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 544-558 | Topics |
AbstractWith the introduction of Eurocodes, non-linear methods are now explicitly permitted for the determination of internal forces. Although the application of Eurocode 7 has not been intended for tunnel construction, it is applied in practice. Tunnel linings are treated as retaining structures in the sense of Eurocode 7. The choice of the Design Approach to be applied is specified in the National Annex (NA) of each country. The application of a standard to a field which was not intended for the purpose naturally leaves room for diverse interpretation. A working group was established by the Austrian Society for Geomechanics (ÖGG) to develop a consistent design strategy for tunnelling. Recommendations based on comparative calculations have been developed for the design of sprayed concrete linings. This article summarises the findings of the investigations carried out. x | |||||
Lenz, Gerold; Poisel, Alexander; Brandtner, Markus; Goricki, Andreas; Wagner, Oliver K. | Semmering Base Tunnel - Geotechnical models in design and construction / Semmering-Basistunnel - Geotechnische Modelle in Planung und Bau | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 559-565 | Topics |
AbstractThe article describes the fundamental geotechnical model assumptions in the design phase of the Semmering Base Tunnel. Two selected case studies show the verification of the geotechnical model during tunnel construction. The verification process is essentially based on geotechnical monitoring in combination with specific back analyses. It is shown that particularly in complex geotechnical conditions, such as deep tunnels in weak rock mass, the designer can only assess a range of expected behaviour. Most information about system behaviour and thus about the geotechnical model conceptions can only be gained during construction. An improved understanding of the geotechnical model provides the potential to identify and minimize geotechnical risks earlier and to adapt excavation and support measures to the actual conditions. x | |||||
Schneider-Muntau, Barbara; Reinhold, Chris; Cordes, Tobias; Bathaeian, Iman; Bergmeister, Konrad | Validation of longitudinal displacement profiles by measurement at the Brenner Base Tunnel / Validierung der Radialverschiebungen im Längsprofil durch Messungen beim Brenner Basistunnel | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 566-574 | Topics |
AbstractLongitudinal displacement profiles describe the displacement history during tunnel excavation, including that occurring ahead of the tunnel face. These deformations have an influence on the structural design of tunnel support. Theoretical approaches are used to estimate these deformations. However, as the approaches are based on assumptions, they should be applied with caution, particularly in case of deep tunnels. Therefore, experimentally determined longitudinal displacement profiles provide a valuable data basis for validation of the approaches. This study compares 40 m long horizontal chain inclinometer measurements in two lithologies in the exploration tunnel of the Brenner Base Tunnel with theoretically calculated profiles. The chain inclinometers were installed above the tunnel before the start of tunnelling. A measured radial displacement profile was created for each round, the statistical mean value curve was calculated and finally compared with the theoretical approaches. The measurement results show good qualitative agreement ahead of the tunnel face. x | |||||
Schubert, Wulf; Brunnegger, Stefan; Staudacher, Robert; Wenger, Julian | Further development of yielding elements and connecting elements for shotcrete / Weiterentwicklung von Stauchelementen und Spritzbetonanschlüssen | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 575-581 | Topics |
AbstractYielding elements in combination with shotcrete linings are used in Austria since 1994, replacing the previous method of leaving open gaps. The first system, used at the Galgenbergtunnel, consisted of groups of axially loaded steel pipes with manufactured local weakness. The resistance of those elements showed a pronounced oscillation during shortening. This triggered a first improvement of the elements in the late 1990ies. Those elements were called LSC (Lining Stress Controller) and subsequently successfully used on a significant number of projects around the world. Recently, the yielding elements have been further optimized aiming at easier production and lower costs. Still using steel pipes, those are filled with porous material, increasing the elements' capacity. With sequential excavation, construction joints in the shotcrete lining are necessary. Producing quality joints appears to be difficult without special connecting elements. The so produced connections are thus potential points of weakness, reducing the lining capacity. A prototype of a connecting element was developed, which can be easily produced and installed. Site tests have been successfully conducted at the tunnel Stein in Austria. x | |||||
Volkmann, Günther M. | Tunnel pre-support using pipe umbrellas - Technical developments and their advantages / Tunnel-Voraussicherung mit Rohrschirmen - Technische Entwicklungen und deren Vorteile | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 582-588 | Topics |
AbstractPipe umbrella support systems have been used successfully for tunnelling in challenging ground conditions since the 1970s. The single umbrella pipes are installed stepwise and parallel to the later installed saw-tooth shaped primary lining by connecting pipe pieces to each other. The connections are the weakest link of the support system, so recent developments in this field also have an effect on system performance. The development of both machinery and connection types have a major influence on pipe umbrella design for tunnelling. This includes not only simple parameters like installation length or tube dimension but also the connection type. So a conventional pipe umbrella design is not as cost-efficient as current technical possibilities allow, because material as well as time savings are missed. This article explains possible optimisations for pipe umbrella supported tunnels with simple examples to show cost-optimised design principles regarding time and material. x | |||||
Henzinger, Michael R.; Lange, Andreas; Volkmann, Günther M.; Moritz, Bernd A.; Schubert, Wulf | Bedding improvement of lining segments using geotextile tubes / Bettungsverbesserung von Tübbingringen mittels Geotextilschläuchen | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 589-598 | Topics |
AbstractDuring a shield TBM excavation in hard rock, the immediate backfill of the crown immediately behind the shield is technically difficult to realize. With the advance of the cutter head a relocation process of pea gravel within the annular gap is triggered, leading to an insufficient bedding distribution of the first segments behind the shield tail and to an ovalization of the segmental lining at a certain load level. During a test application as part of an “TBM research initiative” of the Austrian Federal Railways geotextile tubes were integrated into the exterior surface of the segments. Immediately after leaving the shield tail, the geotextile tube, which is placed all around one ring of segments, is expanded by injection with grout. As a result, an immediate bedding between the rock mass and segmental lining is established, also preventing the rearrangement of pea gravel within the annular gap when the shield is moved forward. The displacement measurements have shown that the ring of segments equipped with geotextile tubes experiences a more rigid body motion like behaviour after leaving the shield tail with a minimal ovalization only. Numerical simulations show the influence of bedding improvement on the ovalization of the ring of segments after leaving the shield tail. x | |||||
Thienert, Christian; Leismann, Frank; Edelhoff, Dennis; Valentini, Heiko; Hörlein, Norbert; Kleen, Eugen | Development of a water-permeable annular gap fill for single-shell drained segmental linings / Entwicklung eines wasserdurchlässigen Ringspaltmaterials für eine einschalige dränierende Tübbingbauweise | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 599-607 | Topics |
AbstractNowadays, tunnels with single-shell segmental lining are often constructed pressure-tight using gaskets. The economic application limit of this construction type is about 50 metres head of water. If the water pressure exceeds this value, considerably more complex - and thus more expensive - two-shell construction with an additional drainage layer between the inner and the outer lining is required. To extend the field of application of mechanized tunnelling with single shell lining in mid-mountain formations, an innovative approach was developed based on the application of a drainage layer in the annular gap fill with a water permeability kF <10-4 m/s. The basic idea of the newly developed water-permeable material for annular gap grouting is the use of a foam generator without a disturbing body, which foams the cement suspension in a defined way with sufficient compressive strength. Complex interrelations of material, process engineering and construction had to be considered comprehensively. The overall suitability of the developed process has been demonstrated in an extensive experimental program including field tests. The present paper focuses on the development of the construction material. x | |||||
Product Information: Geomechanics and Tunnelling 5/2018 | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 608-612 | Product Information | |
AbstractDSI Underground Chile supplies world's largest copper mine / DSI Underground Chile beliefert weltgrößtes Kupferbergwerk x | |||||
Diary of Events: Geomechanics and Tunnelling 5/2018 | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 612-614 | Diary of Events | |
Imprint: Geomechanics and Tunnelling 5/2018 | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 5/2018 | 615 | Imprint | |
Titelbild: Mauerwerk 5/2018 | Mauerwerk | 5/2018 | Titelbild | ||
AbstractIn Bad Zwischenahn, a new quarter is being developed especially intended for the needs of the generation “60 plus”. In addition to an ambitious architecture, the monolithic wall construction of Ytong aerated concrete blocks guarantees numerous energy-related advantages and low running costs. (photo: XELLA) x | |||||
Inhalt: Mauerwerk 5/2018 | Mauerwerk | 5/2018 | Inhalt | ||
Schoch, Torsten | An impressive preview.... / Eine eindrucksvolle Vorausschau.... | Mauerwerk | 5/2018 | 289-290 | Editorial |
Kuroki, Kouji | Past and future of Hebel Haus in Japan / Vergangenheit und Zukunft von Hebel Haus in Japan | Mauerwerk | 5/2018 | 291-296 | Fachthemen |
AbstractIt is 50 years since the AAC (Hebel) technology has been introduced in Japan. During this half century Hebel HausTM have sold homes using the Hebel AAC in floors, walls, and ceilings. The total number of unit homes sold has now exceeded 250 000, and Hebel Haus homes are constructed in Japan at a rate of about 8 000 units every year. Japan is a country that frequently suffers from natural disasters. To protect customers' lives and properties Hebel Haus has developed a construction method that combines steel-framed structure with AAC (Hebel) materials. With an integrated system from construction to sales and after-sale services, renovation, and the second-hand housing distribution, Hebel Haus has achieved the status of the top urban housing brand in Japan. Here we are going to present an outline of Hebel Haus history, marketing strategy, technologies, designs, and lifestyle proposals in Japan. x | |||||
Schöndube, Tim; Rashid, Saif; Carrigan, Svenja; Kornadt, Oliver; Schoch, Torsten | Autoclaved aerated concrete: Influence of heat storage capacity on thermal performance and thermal comfort / Porenbeton: Einfluss der Wärmespeicherfähigkeit auf das thermische Verhalten und die thermische Behaglichkeit | Mauerwerk | 5/2018 | 297-304 | Fachthemen |
AbstractThe heat storage capacity of building materials can have a significant influence on energy consumption and thermal comfort of buildings. This paper investigates the correlations between heat storage capacity and thermal performance. A test building made of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) bricks was constructed in Kloster Lehnin/Emstal (Germany) with the same heat transition coefficient U for the walls, floor, and roof. The heating and ventilation of the building is controlled automatically. Xella and the Department of Building Physics/Low Energy Buildings of Technische Universität Kaiserslautern have been monitoring the test building since April 2017. The thermal performance and comfort of the AAC test building were investigated by measurements and simulations. The results were compared to simulations of a light weight building with the same geometry and heat transition coefficients U. The examinations showed that the heat storage capacity of the AAC has a positive influence on summer heat protection and thermal comfort of buildings in comparison to light weight constructions (LWC). In summer, the increased heat storage capacity of AAC compared to LWC improves thermal comfort. During the heating period, AAC buildings with a higher heat storage capacity in comparison to LWC offer the advantage of a slower cooling down of the indoor air temperature. x |