Journal articles
Author(s) | Title | Journal | Issue | Page | Category |
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Eskesen, Søren Degn; Paulatto, Enrico; Stubbs, Jared | Construction challenges for urban tunnelling - The Copenhagen Metro Circle Line | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 223-229 | Topics |
AbstractThe Cityringen (The City Circle) project is the latest phase of the metro system in Copenhagen, Denmark. The phase comprises the construction of 17 new stations, three shafts, a control and maintenance centre and 16.5 km of twin-tube tunnel excavated by four Earth Pressure Balance TBMs. The design and build contract was awarded in January 2011 and inauguration is planned for late 2018. x | |||||
Cyro , David; Ivor, tefan; Hybský, Petr; Rossler, Karel | Prague Metro | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 230-236 | Topics |
AbstractThe Prague Metro is an inseparable economic and cultural part of city development in Prague, with its transport capacity and architectural styles. A look into the Metro history reveals the evolution of the early construction methods into today's modern tunnelling technologies. The description of the latest Metro Line A extension construction is concluded with an outline of future plans for Prague Metro expansion. x | |||||
Rocha, Hugo Cássio; Comulada, Marc; Maidl, Ulrich; Maia, Carlos Henrique Turolla | São Paulo Metro - developments in shield tunnelling | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 237-247 | Topics |
AbstractThe Metro Network in São Paulo has five lines in service with a total length of 107 km in one of the most booming cities in South America with a population of over 11 million inhabitants. The network can still be considered to be in its early stages; the first line was only constructed in 1968 and is now being extended. Whilst the settlement-prone Tertiary soils under São Paulo and also the crystalline basement, with its different grades of weathering and fracturing and high abrasiveness, pose challenges for shield tunnelling, they actually represent optimum conditions for high performance shield tunnelling. The paper deals with the experience gained by operator Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo- Metrô, contractor Construtora Norberto Odebrecht and consultant Maidl Tunnelconsultants in the construction of the metro lines with mechanised shield tunnelling technology. x | |||||
Barbanti, Marco; Bonanno, Marco; Rigazio, Andrea | Consolidation grouting using horizontal directional drilling technology in the Praga district of Warsaw prior to TBM tunnelling | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 248-254 | Topics |
AbstractThe central section of the Warsaw 2nd Metro Line required preventive measures to protect buildings located in the Praga district above the tunnel alignment. The sections passing below buildings with EPB machines were certainly one of the most critical points. It was decided to carry out ground treatment in order to consolidate the subsoil around the tunnels. For this purpose grouting holes up to 261 m long were drilled by HDD following the tunnel path. Tunnelling did not affect the structures located above the ground, which always remained under close supervision with the use of specialist and multithreaded monitoring. x | |||||
Millen, Bernard; Sigl, Oskar; Höfer-Öllinger, Giorgio | Rock mass behaviour of weathered, jointed and faulted Khondalite - Examples from the underground crude oil storage caverns in Visakhapatnam, India | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 255-271 | Topics |
AbstractIn 2008, Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve Limited started construction of an underground unlined rock cavern complex for storage of imported crude oil at Visakhapatnam for 1.3 MMT (million metric tons) of crude oil. The excavation of the works was finally completed in February 2014. During the construction stage, after 95 % of the total excavation volume had already been excavated, an extreme wedge sliding event occurred in one of the cavern walls in April 2011, which caused a major delay to completion of the project. This wedge slide and other rock mass behaviour encountered during the excavation of the underground storage facility are described and discussed in this paper. x | |||||
Burger, Daniela; Haunschmid, Bruno | Sliding slopes on the Gerlos Strasse / Rutschhänge an der Gerlos Straße | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 3/2014 | 272-285 | Topics |
AbstractEver since being built in the middle ages, the Gerlos Strasse has been affected by slope sides and wild torrents, resulting in an almost continuous history of rebuilding and repairs with correspondingly high costs. The route is in the immediate vicinity of the Salzach Fault, one of the most significant fault zones on the eastern Alps, and the enormous forces that formed the mountains can be seen in action, together with the destructive erosion processes with their natural tendency to reduce the angle of the slope. Three individual events are described in order to illustrate the heterogeneous geological conditions, and the selected repair and protection measures for the infrastructure are briefly described. It appears that even with the geotechnical measures available today, an end to the permanent cycle of repair is still barely conceivable. x | |||||
Palomba, Michele; Amadini, Federico; Russo, Giordano; Carrieri, Giampiero | Chenani-Nashri Tunnel, the longest road tunnel in India: the "Himalayan challenge" for design in heterogeneous rock masses | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 114-122 | Topics |
AbstractThe 9 km long Chenani-Nashri Tunnel, currently under construction, is the longest road tunnel in India and is part of the planned four-lane widening of the NH-1A between Udhampur and Banihal in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Bypassing the existing NH-1A from km 89 to km 130, the tunnel crosses a sub-Himalayan formation with a maximum overburden of 1,050 m. With an escape tunnel running parallel to the main tunnel, excavation is performed by Leighton-Welspun Contractors using the drill and blast method. Geodata Engineering (GDE) is providing consultancy services for detailed design and construction supervision including 3D-geotechnical monitoring. Back-analyses of already-excavated sections are performed to better understand the behaviour of the heterogeneous rock mass in which the tunnels are excavated. The numerical models are fed with the actual geological and geomechanical conditions encountered during excavation and the monitoring results. The 3D-monitoring system, specially implemented by GDE for this project, has played a key role in understanding the real rock mass behaviour, allowing the highlighting of potential risks, selecting the correct tunnel support class, checking of the effectiveness of countermeasures, identification of the tunnel stretches in which the final lining needs to be reinforced and providing cost-effective solutions to speed-up the construction process. x | |||||
Reichenspurner, Peter | Rohtang Tunnel - Intermediate report at half distance / Rohtang-Tunnel - Zwischenbilanz nach halber Strecke | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 123-132 | Topics |
AbstractThe Rohtang Tunnel has been advancing into the Himalaya Mountains in the northern state of Himachal Pradesh since autumn 2010. After the completion of almost 50 % of the alignment, it is time for an intermediate report. The article will intentionally not only describe technical matters but also describe the local aspects of tunnelling in India. x | |||||
Golger, Mario; Höfer-Öllinger, Giorgio; Prinzl, Friedrich | The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 133-141 | Topics |
AbstractThe Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel was the first tunnel in India to be constructed in accordance with the principles of the New Austrian Tunnelling Method. Despite very heterogeneous rock conditions with frequent changes of solid and completely fractured rock, with high water inflow in places, the work progressed without prolonged excavation-related interruption and delays. This was possible because of the design and construction method, which permits prompt reaction to changing geology and installation of initial support measures, but also rapid adaptation of support measures to cope with the conditions of a young rock mass like the Himalayas. An important tool in regard to control and manage the ground deformations in the different geological conditions was the 3D monitoring of the lining displacements and its interpretation. x | |||||
Holzleitner, Wolfgang; Kraft-Fish, Martin; Steinacher, Reinhold | Lessons learnt during construction assistance for the improvement of contract models | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 142-149 | Topics |
AbstractThe consultant Bernard Ingenieure has two decades of design, site supervision and technical assistance experience working with Indian contractors on hydropower and infrastructure projects on the Indian subcontinent. This article presents the lessons learnt by the consultant from these projects, in particular the 126 MW Dagachhu Hydropower Project, which is due to be completed in 2014. The article subsequently describes how the consultant has applied regulatory measures in tender documents for its ongoing projects, as well as ideas for further measures to be applied in future contract models. x | |||||
Pillai, Shri Rajan K.; Malkani, Shri Suresh | Experience of working on underground civil works contracts for strategic crude oil storage projects in India | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 150-154 | Topics |
AbstractStrategic storage of crude oil in unlined underground rock caverns below the groundwater table is being constructed for the first time in India. The projects are being implemented by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd., (ISPRL) a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) created by the Government of India. The article deals with Indian experience of working on underground civil works contracts with design consultants as well as contractors. x | |||||
Sigl, Oskar; Millen, Bernard; Höfer-Öllinger, Giorgio | The underground crude oil storage caverns of Visakhapatnam, India | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 155-162 | Topics |
AbstractUnderground storage schemes are gaining importance in India, as all over the world. Such storage schemes involve the excavation of large underground caverns, connecting tunnels and various types of shafts. This example provides storage for more than 1.3 mill. metric tons of crude oil stored in unlined caverns 20 m wide, 30 m high and up to 820 m long. The scheme also includes three 110 m deep product intake shafts, two 90 m deep product extraction shafts and about 2,600 m of tunnels. The total volume, excavated by drill and blast method, is about 2 mill. m3 and rock support is provided by post-grouted rock bolts and steel fibre reinforced shotcrete. The product is confined on the principle of a groundwater curtain system, essentially employing ground water pressure gradients to contain the crude oil within the unlined rock cavern complex. Excavation works on the project commenced in the middle of 2008 and, after some delays, were finally completed in February 2014. This paper focuses on the risk management practices employed for this project. The paper “Rock mass behaviour of weathered, jointed and faulted Khondalite - Examples from the underground crude oil storage caverns, Visakhapatnam, India” by Sigl, Millen and Höfer-Öllinger that refers to the actual situation will be published in issue 3-2014 of Geomechanics and Tunnelling. x | |||||
Weifner, Tassilo; Bergmeister, Konrad; Ziegler, Hans-Jakob | Wide-area hydrogeological modelling for the Brenner Base Tunnel / Großflächige hydrogeologische Modellierung für den Brenner Basistunnel | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 163-177 | Topics |
AbstractThe planned tunnel alignment of the Brenner Base Tunnel crosses the aquifer of the Hochstegen marble between the Valsertal and Pfitschtal valleys. Due to the great importance of this aquifer for the water balance of the affected gullies, a 2D model was produced of the groundwater flow system. The intention of the 2D model was on one hand to gain information about the effects of the lowering of the groundwater table by the draining effect of the tunnel holes. Another intention of the model was to investigate whether the lowering of the groundwater table could be kept to a small and acceptable extent through a suitable grouting campaign and thus keep the influence on the groundwater balance in the model area small. x | |||||
Coffman, Richard A.; Garner, Cyrus D.; Salazar, Sean E. | The development and implementation of a tunnel characterization method | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 2/2014 | 178-184 | Topics |
AbstractThe Garner and Coffman method was developed to design a proposed underground facility based on an allowable settlement profile; the method may also be used to characterize an unknown underground facility based on an observed surface settlement profile. The method uses both static methods and 2-D finite element analyses to relate the characteristics of the ground surface settlement profile to the underground facility (depth, diameter, and number of tunnels). The calibration and validation of the Garner and Coffman method, as obtained by using tunnel segment data from historical tunneling projects (Bangkok, London, Taipei, Singapore, and Heinenoord), are presented. Specifically, the method was calibrated using settlement profiles and facility characteristics from 15 tunnel segments and validated using settlement profiles from 16 additional tunnel segments. A numerical relationship (developed during this research project) was then used during the validation of the model to predict facility characteristics for the “unknown” underground structures. The predicted depth and diameter for each of the “unknown” underground structures were within ten percent of the actual diameter and actual depth of the underground structure, as obtained from the literature. For all 16 validation tunnel segments, the tunnel location was predicted within one tunnel diameter of the actual facility centerline. x | |||||
Burger, Werner | Multi-mode tunnel boring machines / Multi-Mode Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 18-30 | Topics |
AbstractClassic tunnelling shields can reach their technical, but also their economic limits, when they have to drive through highly varied geologies along the tunnel route. A tunnel route may pass through extended sections of stable rock faces which alternate with soft, water-bearing loose soils. Such tunnelling routes are among the most demanding challenges in tunnel construction and they have to be mastered more and more often, because important infrastructures nowadays are being built in such formations. Herrenknecht has developed so-called Multi-mode tunnel boring machines especially for ground conditions of this kind. These are hybrid tunnel boring machines which offer optimum safety and flexibility when choosing the support and excavation method. They allow for an optimum tunnelling strategy that is adaptable to the conditions along the tunnel alignment. And they also have a positive influence on the desired efficiency. Multi-mode machines have different concepts in terms of how rapidly or how easily they can be adapted. The following chapters describe the functionalities of the Multi-mode TBM and the corresponding reference projects. In addition, this paper deals with the innovative concept of the Herrenknecht Variable Density TBM, a first universal tunnel boring machine for mixed ground conditions. x | |||||
Galli, Mario; Thewes, Markus | Investigations for the application of EPB shields in difficult grounds / Untersuchungen für den Einsatz von Erddruckschilden in schwierigem Baugrund | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 31-44 | Topics |
AbstractAs a result of growing urbanisation, subsurface space is developed and has to be expanded. New and bigger tunnels are required to meet the infrastructural needs. The ground is the decisive factor regarding the type of tunnelling method and its efficiency. The bigger such projects the greater the chance to encounter inhomogeneous in situ ground conditions. This makes an adequate and economic choice of the process technology more difficult, especially in mechanised shield tunnelling. A clear differentiation based on the grain-size distribution between the field of application of an EPB shield and a hydro shield nowadays is hardly possible. An application of a hydro shield machine in fine soils is just as feasible as tunnelling with EPB shields in coarse soils. In this article, the authors explain selected geological conditions, which represent challenging situations for the application of EPB shields. Therefore, it is particularly focused on overconsolidated cohesive soils, highly permeable non-cohesive soils and sedimentary rock as well as areas of mixed face conditions (rock and soil). Moreover, test methods and tools for the planning and the construction phase are presented. x | |||||
Rengshausen, Rainer; Tauriainen, Riku; Raedle, Andreas | TBM and spoil treatment selection process - case history Crossrail C310 Thames Tunnel - Slurry TBM versus EPB TBM | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 45-54 | Topics |
Abstract
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Maidl, Ulrich; Pierri, Julio C. D. D. | Innovative hybrid EPB tunnelling in Rio de Janeiro | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 55-63 | Topics |
AbstractThe Line 4 South being constructed in Rio de Janeiro crosses complex geology that includes a long stretch of sand bounded by two stretches of hard, highly abrasive rock. These geological conditions, combined with the fact that the project is located in a distinct urban area, creates a demanding project scenario where special care needs to be taken. After carrying out an evaluation to determine whether to use earth pressure balance or slurry technology, the design of a convertible EPB boring machine that can excavate both rock and soils was developed. This paper outlines the technical difficulties of the project and describes the decision-making process and the solutions adopted. A technical description of the different operation modes of this hybrid TBM and the conditioning process related to each of them is provided. x | |||||
Maidl, Ulrich; Stascheit, Janosch | Real time process controlling for EPB shields / Echtzeit-Prozesscontrolling bei Erddruckschilden | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 64-71 | Topics |
AbstractThe contribution gives an overview of the state-of-the-art of process controlling in mechanised tunnelling. A web-based and ubiquitous integrated database forms the backbone of PROCON II, a software for the analysis of machine data, project specifications, shift reports and geodetic information stored in a temporally and spatially correlated data structure. The software helps to build a knowledge base that is fed by experience from the present as well as all previous projects and that helps optimising safety, efficiency and performance of a mechanised tunnelling project. Along with a brief summary of the program features of PROCON II, this contribution gives three examples of how the software can be employed to gain insight into the key mechanisms of Earth Pressure Balanced (EPB) shield tunnelling and how it can help to improve the tunnelling performance. x | |||||
Schindler, Steffen; Hegemann, Felix; Alsahly, Abdullah; Barciaga, Thomas; Galli, Mario; Lehner, Karlheinz; Koch, Christian | An interaction platform for mechanized tunnelling. Application on the Wehrhahn-Line in Düsseldorf (Germany) / Eine Interaktionsplattform für maschinelle Tunnelvortriebe. Anwendung am Beispiel der Wehrhahn-Linie in Düsseldorf - Application on the Wehrhahn-Line in Düsseldorf (Germany) / Anwendung am Beispiel der Wehrhahn-Linie in Düsseldorf | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 72-86 | Topics |
AbstractThis paper introduces a holistic product model for the interactive simulation of shield tunnelling machines. The underlying product model is based on the Building Information Modelling methodology and uses the Industry Foundation Classes to classify and structure the captured data. Data from design, measurements and numerical simulation components obtained from four sub-models (ground, tunnel, tunnel boring machine and building) are stored, classified and organized on commonly available servers. The very heterogeneous data structures found in each individual model are adjusted in advance using georeferencing, transformation or other suitable methods to increase compatibility. In particular, this article describes the methodological design of an interactive product model for mechanized tunnelling in soft soil, including its sub-models. Performance is demonstrated by a case study using data from the Wehrhahn-Line subway construction site in Düsseldorf, Germany. Here, the focus is on the verification of the product model and its use in the numerical simulations. The research presented is a central component of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 837 “Interaction Modelling in Mechanized Tunnelling” at the Ruhr University, Bochum. x | |||||
Düllmann, Jan; Alber, Michael; Plinninger, Ralf J. | Determining soil abrasiveness by use of index tests versus using intrinsic soil parameters / Bewertung der Abrasivität von Lockergesteinen mit Indexverfahren und herkömmlichen Bodenkennwerten | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 1/2014 | 87-97 | Topics |
AbstractThe evaluation of the abrasiveness of soil is not unified or standardised at the moment. Mostly used are complex index processes with greatly simplified model bodies and simplified test conditions such as the LCPC abrasimeter test. These processes can however at best measure the efficiency of the wear mechanism and are not capable of reflecting the strength of the bonding of the internal fabric, an essential factor determining the level of operational demands, i.e. the resistance to excavation. These index processes therefore offer no advantages over evaluation processes based on conventional soil mechanics parameters. Quite the opposite, these mostly prototype tests imply new problems that are inevitable with the testing methods. The paper thus presents at the end an extended method of evaluating wear to excavation tools and the conveyance or transport of excavated spoil. x | |||||
Gschnitzer, Heinz | The Baltic-Adriatic corridor and the measures of the ÖBB to upgrade the Südbahn line / Die baltisch-adriatische Achse und die Maßnahmen der ÖBB im Rahmen der neuen Südbahn | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 6/2013 | 635-640 | Topics |
AbstractThe Baltic-Adriatic Corridor, one of the most important north-south routes in Europe and the easternmost crossing of the Alps, connects the Baltic with the Adriatic. 455 km of the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor runs through Austria. Currently it only meets the requirements of an efficient international long distance transport connection in a few stretches. This is due above all to topography: in Austria, the corridor crosses the Alps. In addition, large sections of the line date from the era of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and only a few sections have been updated since then. Three bottlenecks on Austrian territory in particular massively limit the efficiency of the corridor: the Vienna hub, the crossing of the Semmering and the Neumarkter Sattel, a mountain pass where the railway line bypasses the Graz region in a big loop. To eliminate these bottlenecks in the corridor, Austria is currently pushing ahead with three key projects as well as a number of other construction plans: the Vienna Central Railway Station as a through station, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Koralmbahn line. But further projects on the Baltic-Adriatic Corridor are also of great importance for Austria: the Terminal Inzersdorf, the upgrading of the Pottendorfer line, the repair of the line from Mürzzuschlag to Bruck/Mur and the improvement from Bruck/Mur to Graz. x | |||||
Harer, Gerhard; Schneider, Klaus M. | The main Koralm Tunnel contracts - current state of works / Die Großbaulose des Koralmtunnels - Aktueller Stand der Arbeiten | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 6/2013 | 641-650 | Topics |
AbstractThe twin-tube Koralm Tunnel with a length of about 32.9 km is the key structure on the new high-speed line between Graz and Klagenfurt. The Koralm Tunnel passes through the mountain massif of the Koralpe with a maximum overburden of about 1,200 m. The two tunnel bores have a standard inner radius of 3.95 m and run at a spacing of about 40 m, connected by cross-passages every 500 m. In the middle of the tunnel is an emergency station. Construction works on the main contracts started with the completion of investigation works at the end of 2008. The structure of the tunnel should be completed by 2019 with the start of operation being planned for 2023. x | |||||
Köpf, Manfred; Uschan, Robert; Goliasch, Robert | The logistical challenges of the long tunnel drives on contract KAT 2 / Die logistischen Herausforderungen der langen Tunnelvortriebe des Bauloses KAT 2 | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 6/2013 | 651-660 | Topics |
AbstractThe largest construction lot of the Koralmtunnel project, which will be executed by the joint venture KAT 2 (Strabag - Jäger Bau), has been under construction for almost three years. The key tasks thus far were the edification of the twin shafts to a depth of 60 m, approximately 4.5 km tunnel by drill and blasting, the assembling and implementing of the two tunnel boring machines, as well as the installation of the above- and underground logistic-infrastructure. This report describes the development of the logistics concepts, the work preparation for the maximum excavation length of up to 17 km, as well as the first experiences of their implementation. x | |||||
Huber, Helmut; Kratochwill, Raimund; Otto, Richard | Use of recycled material for segments and inner lining - first experience of on-site processing on KAT 2 / Verwendung von Tunnelausbruchmaterial - von der TBM bis zum Tübbing, erste Erfahrungen mit der Materialaufbereitung vor Ort im Baulos KAT 2 | Geomechanics and Tunnelling | 6/2013 | 661-668 | Topics |
AbstractIn order to preserve the environment and save resources, Austrian Railways ÖBB have decided to recycle material excavated from contract KAT 2 of the 32.9 km long Koralm Tunnel and process it as aggregates for concrete production. This leads to a saving of gravel resources, reduction of transport routes and reduction of the required landfill areas. The rock mass, which is predominantly formed of schistose gneisses and gneisses with inclusions of mica schist, amphibolites and marbles, is being bored by tunnel boring machines. The material excavated from the tunnel is being recycled on site by processing for concrete aggregates. x |